Meaaf 


'l«IS;fJ'»«.F 


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.ABRIDGMENT 

OF 

MURRAY'S 

wrxH 
•^K  APPEKDIX^ 

fiXERCISES  IN  ORTHOGRAPHY,  IN  PARSING 
!N  SYNTAX,  AND  IN  PUNCTUATION. 

DESIGNED 

FOR  THE  YOUNGER  CLASS  OF  LEARNER?- 


Bt  LINDLEY  MURRAY^ 


JpROM    THE   LATEST  ENGLISH   EDITIOJj^ 
CORRECTED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


CONCORD: 

!?PBLISHED   BY    LUTHER  BCbI?, 


Wi>*l 


tty) 


INTRODUCTION, 


TflE  Compiler  of  "  English  GrammJir,  ftdapt.* 
ed  to  the  different  classes  of  learners,''  hav- 
ing: bt^t'n  frequently  solicited  to  publish  an  Abrid«- 
inentof  that  work,  for  the  use  of  children  com- 
mencing their  grammatical  studies,  he  hopes  that 
the  epitome  which  he  now  offers  to  the  public  will 
be  found  useful  and  satiFfactory. 

His  chief  Aiew  in  presenting  the  book  in  this 
form,  is,  to  preserve  the  larger  work  from  being 
torn  and  deiaced  by  the  young*  r  scholais,  in  their 
first  study  of  the  general  outline  which  it  pre* 
scribes  ;  and,  consequently,  to  render  their  ap» 
plication  to  each  part  both  new  and  inviting,  if  a 
small  volume  h  better  adapted  to  the  taste  of  chil- 
dren than  a  large  one  ;  and  more  reac'iiy  engages 
their  attention,  :>om  the  apparent  sh(  rtness  oi  th<i 
road  they  have  to  travel,  the  a!  idgment  will 
thence  derive  additional  recomnjeLt  ations,  'i'o 
give  these  arguments  the  greatest  weight,  the  boi'k 
5s  nvatly  bound  and  printed  with  a  fau-  letter  and 
on  good  paper. 

A  slight  iQspeclioaofthe  manner  in  which  the 
Tvor]c  is  executed,  will  show  that  it  1=  not  intend-- 
ed  to  supply  the  plac^,  or  supercede  the  use  of  the 
original  Grammar.  If,  howevt-r,  the  teachers  of 
such  children  as  can  devote  "but  a  small  part  of 
their  time  to  this  studv,  should  think  propei  to 
make  use  of  it,  they  will  not,  it  i?  imagined,  find  it 
more  defective  than  abridgments  commonly  are. 
It  exhibits  a  general  scheme  of  tTie  subjects  of 
Oramtnar,  and  contains  definitions  and  rules^ 
which  the  Compiler  has  endeavored  to  r(  nder  as 
exact,  concise,  and  intelligible,  as  the  nature  oT 
%«  subject  woold  admit. 

'      183 


i|4  XNTR0DFCTI02C. 

The  tutors  who  may  adopt  this  abrid^enti 
jtnerely  as  an  introduction  to  the  larger  Grammar, 
•will  perceive  in  it  a  material  advantage,  which  th& 
other  short  works  do  not  posses  ;  namely,  that  the 
progress  of  their  pupils  will  be  accelerated,  and  the 
pleasure  of  study  increased,  when  they  find  them- 
selves advanced  to  a  grammar,  which  exactly  pur- 
sues the  plan  of  the  book  they  have  studied ;  and 
which  does  not  perplex  them  with  new  definitions 
snd  discordant  views  of  the  subject.  The  scholars 
also,  who,  in  other  seminaries,  may  be  confined  to 
this  epitome,  will  be  more  readily  invited  after- 
wards to  pursue  the  study  of  Grammar,  when  they 
perceive,  from  the  intimate  connexion  of  the  books, 
the  facility  with  which  they  may  improve  them- 
jSelves  in  the  art. 

It  may  justly  be  doubted,  whether  there  is  any 
ground  for  objection  to  the  following  compilation, 
on  account  of  the  additional  cost  it  will  occasion. 
The  preservation  of  the  larger  Grammar,  by  using; 
the  abridgment,  may  in  most  instances^  make  a* 
mends  for  the  charge  of  the  latter.  But  were  this 
not  the,  case,  it  is  hoped  the  perio**  ha«?  passed  away, 
10  ^vbich  the  important  business  of  education  wa?^  " 
too  often,  regulated  or  iniiuenced  by  a  parsimoni-- 
Qus  economy. 

The  Compiler  presumes  that  no  objection  cai=j 
jproperly  be  made  to  the  T)hraseology,  from  an  idea 
that,  in  books  of  this  kind  the  language  should  ha 
fcroi^ght  down  to  the  hvel  of  what  is  familiar  t^i 
children.  It  is  indeed  indispensable,  that  our  wordi 
and  phrases  should,  without  requiring  much  atten- 
tion and  explanation,  be  intelligible  to  young  per- 
sons ;  but  it  will' scarcely  be  controverted  that  it 
^  better  to  lead  them  forward,  and  improve  their 
langu-age,  by  proper  examples,  than  tp  exhibit  such 
as  will  confirm  them  in  a  feeble  and  puerile  modi? 
of  expression.  Children  have  language,  as  well  as 
other  things,  to  learn,  and  cultivate  ;  and  if  good 
models  are  set  before  them,  instruction  and  dilii 
S:ei3ice  will  soon  make  them  understood,  and  halilt 


iKTRODtTCTlOJ?. 

"wiW  render  them  familiar  and  pleasing;.  Perhaps 
there  is  no  method  by  which  this  advaata^t;  ^^^^Y^ 
in  g^eneral,  be  more  readily  and  eutjctuaii ;  ], re- 
duced, than  bv  accustoming^  children  to  comiuit  to 
memory  sentences  in  which  the  words  are  properly 
chosen^aod  the  construction  and  arrangement  cor- 
rect. This  was  one  object  w^hicfci  the  compiler 
had  in  view,  when  he  composed  the  Grammar  of 
"which  this  is  an  epitome  ;  and  he  hopes  that  he 
ha?  not  altogether  foiled  in  his  endeavors  to  at* 
tain  it. 

But  on  this  point,  or  on  auy  other  part  of  the 
work,  it  belong-s  not  to  hi  .  to  deter^ne  ;  the 
yholemust  be  referred  to  trie  <  tcision  ui  the  impar 
6*l2inc^udicioui  reader.  Ho lo  ate,  near  lork,  17^. 

A2 


ADVERTISE^IENr. 


^IIIE  Mnth  edition  of  this  work  has  had  an  ar.^ 
cession  of  eig-hteen  pages  of  new  matter  ;  com- 
t)rising:  exercises  in  parsing;,  in  orthography  and 
punctuation*  The  exercises  in  parsing  have  not 
only  been  very  considerably  augmented  ;  they 
have  also  been  moulded  into  a  new  form  and  ar- 
rangeraent,  which  the  aathor  hopes  will  facilitate 
to  young  persons  the  acquisition  of  tliis  funda- 
mental part  of  grai.miatical  knowledge.* 

An  abridgment  inust  necessarily  be  concise,  and 
it  will,  in  some  points,  be  obscure.  Those  teach- 
'^.rs,  therefore,  who  do  not  make  use  of  the  auth- 
or's larger  grammar,  in  their  schools,  will  find  kn 
advantage  by  consulting  it  themselves.  Many  of 
the  rules  and  positions  are,  in  that  work  supported, 
and  illustrated  by  peculiar  disquisitions  ;  and  the 
connexion  of  the  whole  system  is  clearly  exhibited* 
The  Sixteenth  edition  of  the  Grammar  has,  in 
these  respects,  received  considerable  improve- 
ments. Holdgate,  1803. 

*The  Eleventh  Edition  has  been  improved,  by  insert- 
ing the  irregular  verbs  ;  a  list  of  nouns  arranged  accord- 
ing to  theii-  <:cndcr;  and  by  many  other  articles  corres- 
pondent to  the  latest  improvGmcats  in  the  lai-gQr  Gram- 


ENGLISH  GRAIVIMAU. 


ENGLISH  Grammar  is  the  art  of  speaking 
and  writing  the  English  language  with  pro- 
priety. 

It  is  divided  into  four  part?,  viz.  ORTHooaAPmr,- 
Etymology,  Syntax  and  Prosody, 


ORTHOGRArHY. 

LETTERS. 

An  articulate  sonnd,  is  the  sound  of  the  human 
voice',  formed  by  the  organs  of  speech. 

Orthography  teaches  the  nature  and  powers  ©f 
letters,  and  the  just  method  of  spelling  words. 

A  letter  is  the  first  principle,  or  least  part,  of  a 
■Word. 

The  letters  of  the  English  language,  called  Hid 
^glish  Alphabet^  are  twenty-six  m  nUjOaberf. 


Th«   following    is  a  list  of  the   Roman  and  Italip 
Characterg. 

Homan*  Italic  Name. 

Cap.    SmalU    Cap.     Small. 


A 

a 

•^ 

a 

ai 

B 

b 

B 

b 

bee 

C 

c 

C 

c 

se& 

D 

d 

D 

d 

de$ 

E 

e 

K 

e 

ee 

F 

f 

F 

/ 

'f 

G 

g: 

G 

g 

jee 

H 

h 

H 

h 

aitch 

I 

i 

I 

i 

i  or  e^c 

J 

J 

J 

J 

*  o^y 

K 

k 

K 

k 

kav 

L 

1 

L 

I 

el 

M 

m 

M 

m 

em 

N 

u 

JV 

n 

en 

O 

o 

O 

0 

o 

P 

P 

P 

P 

pec 

Q 

*l 

Q 

9 

cue 

11 

r 

R 

T 

ar 

s 

a 

s 

9 

ess 

T 

t 

T 

t 

ite 

U 

u 

U 

U 

u  or  you 

V 

V 

V 

V 

ttt 

w 

w 

w 

V) 

double  it 

X 

X 

X 

X 

iks 

Y 

y 

Y 

y 

uy 

z 

z 

Z 

s 

Std 

Letters  are  divided  into  vowels  and  consonants. 

A  vowel  is  an  articulate  sour/<i  that  can  be  per- 
fectly uttered  by  itself:  as«,  c,  o  ;  which  are 
formed  without  the  help  of  any  other  sound. 

A  consonant  is  an  articulate  sound,  "which  can- 
not be  perfectly  uttered  without  the  help  of  a  vow^ 
el :  as  6,  rf,/,  I ;  which  require  vowels  to  express 
them  fully. 


ORTHOGRAPHY,     r  k»  Sf 

The  vowels  are,  a,  e,  i,  o,  m,  and  sometimes  i» 
-andy.   ,  ^ 

?1^  and  1/  are  consonants  when  they  be^in  a 
word  or  syllable  ;  but  in  every  other  situation  they 
iire  vowels. 

Consonants  are  divided  into  mutes  and  semi- 
Towels. 

The  mutes  cannot  be  sounded  a/  aZ/ without  the 
aid  of  the  vowd.  They  are,  fe,  p,  t^  cf,  /fc,  and  c  and 
^hard. 

The  semi-vowels  have  an  imperfect  sound  of 
themselves.  They  are/,  /,  m,  n,  r,  i\  *,  r,  and  :r,  c 
and^  soft.* 

Four  of  the  semi- vowels,  namely,  Z,  m,  n,  r,  are 
also  distinguished  by  the  name  of  l,',uids^  from 
their  readily  uniting  with  other  consonants,  and 
flowing  as  it  were  into  their  sounds. 

A  dipthong  is  the  union  of  two  vowels,  pro- 
nounced by  a  siu^jle  impulse  of  the  voice  ;  as  ea  ia 
beat,  on  in  sound. 

A  tripthong,  the  union  of  three  vowels,  pro- 
nounced in  like  manner;  as  eau  in  beau,  ieu  in  view. 

A  proper  dipthong  is  that  in  which  both  tne  vow- 
els are  sounded  ;  as,  oi  in  voice,  02i  in  ounce. 

An  improper  dipthong  has  but  one  of  the  vowels 
sounded  ;  as  ea  in  eagle,  ou  in  boat. 

SyLLABLES. 

A  syllable  Is  a  sound  either  simple  or  compoundr. 
cd,  pronounced  by  a  single  impulse  of  the  voice, 
and  constituting  a  word,  or  part  of  a  word  ;  as,  a, 
jin,  ant. 

Spelling  is  the  art  of  rightly  dividing  words  into 
Iheii  syllables  ;  or  of  expressing  a  word  by  its  prop- 
er letters.* 


*For  the  distinction  between  the  nature  and  the  name 
.•f  a  consonant,  see  the  larger  Grammar,  15th  ed'tion, 
p.  19. 

*Di.  Jolinson's  Dictionary  is  rh,Q  best  standard  of  Eng- 
"ifih  oiftii«grapb^i 


Ip  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR, 

WORDS. 

Words  are  articulate  sounds,  used  ly  commojsi 
iConsent,  assigns  of  our  ideas. 

A  word  of  one  syllable  is  termed  a  monosyllable; 
a  word  of  two  syllables,  a  dissyllable  ;  a  word  of 
three  syllables,  a  trisyllable;  a  word  of  four  or 
more  syllables,  a  polysyllable. 

All  words  are  either  primitive    or  derivative. 

A  primitive  word  is  that  which  cannot  be  re* 
duced  to  any  simpler  word  in  the  language  ;  ag 
man,  good,  content. 

A  derivative  word  is  that  which  may  be  reduced 
to  another  word  in  English  of  greater  simplicity; 
as,  manful,  goodness,  coiatentment,  Yorkshire. 

— «>oo<0000000o00»00«»»oo-— 

ETYMOLOGY. 

The  second  part  of  GrauHnar  is  Etymology  ; 
which  treats  of  the  different  sorts  of  words,  their 
vanous  modifications,  and  their  derivktion. 

There  are  in  English  nine  sorts  of  words,  or,  as 
they  are  commonly  called,  parts  af  Speech  ;  name- 
ly, the  Articlt^  the  Subslantive  or  JVyw/i,  the  Ad' 
jeclive^  the  Pronoun.,  the  Vtrb^  the  Advtrh^  the 
Prenosition^  the  Conjunction  and  the  Lit crj eel  ion. 

i.  An  article  is  a  word  perfixed  to  substantivet 
to  point  them  out.  and  to  show  how  far  their  sig- 
nification extends  ;  as,  a  garden,  an  eagle,  the  wo- 
man. 

2.  A    Substantive    or    noun  is    the    name  of 
any    thing  that   exists,  or  of  which  we  have  any  j 
notion  ;   as,  London^  man.  virtue, 

A  substantive  may,  in  general  be  distinguished  | 
by  its  taking  an  article  before  it,  or  by  its  mal'ing^ 
sense  of  itsfelf,  as,  a  book.,  the  j-tm,  an  apple.,    ttmpi^ 
rancc,  industry^  charity. 

3.  An  Adjective  is  a  word  added  to  a  substan- 
tivr.yto  express  its  quality  ;  as,  an  industrious  man, 
a  virtuous  woman. 

An  adjective  may  be  known  by  its  making  sense 
with  tlie  addition  of  the  word  thins ;  as,  a  ^ofl(i 


ETYMOLOGt.  11 

thin^f  a  had  thing  :  or  of  any  particular  sub&tan* 
tire  ;    as,  a  siveel  apple,  a  pleasant  prospect. 

4.  A.  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun^ 
to  avoid  the  too  frequent  repetition  of  the  eame 
word  ;  as,  Th«  man  is  happy  ;  he  is  benevolent ; 
he  is  useful. 

6»  A  Verb  is  a  word  which  sig^nifies  to  be  to  do 
or  to  SUFFER  ;  as,  "  /  am^  Irule^  1  am  rxded,'''* 

A  Verb  may  g-encrally  be  distinguished  by  its  mak- 
ing sense  with  any  of  the  personal  pronouns,  or  the 
word  io  before  it  ;  as,  I  walk^  he  plays^  they  writa  * 
or,  to  walk^  to  pZay,  to  writt, 

6.  An  Adverb  is  a  part  of  speech  joine  i  to  a 
verb,  an  adjective,  and  sometimes  to  another  ad- 
Terb,  to  express  some  quality  or  circUmstanc#  re* 
flpccting  it  ;  as,  he  reads  wdl ;  a  truly  good  man  ; 
he  writes  vtry  correctly. 

An  Adverb  may  be  generally  knoWn,  by  its  an- 
swering the  question,  How  ?  How  much  ?  "VVheii  ? 
or.  Where  ?  as  in  the  phrase,  "  He  reads  correct^ 
fy,''  the  answer  to  the  question,  How  does  he  read 
is,  correctly, 

7.  Prepositions  serve  to  connect  words  with 
one  another,  and  to  show  the  relation  bettveen 
them  ;  as,  "  He  went  from  London  io  York  ;'* 
she  is  above  disguise -/^ '^  They  are  supported  by 
industry." 

_  A  preposition  may  be  known  by  its  admitting  after 
it  a  personal  pronoun  in  the  objective  case;  as 
V)iUi^for^  to^  fee.  will  allow  the  objective  case  afc 
ter  them  ;  with  him^  for  her^  to  thtm^  &c,  ^ 

8.  A  Conjunction  is  a  part  of  speech  thai  is 
•hiefly  used  to  connect  sentences ;  so  as,  out  of 
two  or  more  sentences  to  make  but  one  :  it  some- 
times connects  only  words  ;  as,  "  Thou  and  he 
are  happy,  because  yju  are  good."  "  Two  and 
three  are  five." 

9.  Interjections  are  words  thrown  in  between 
the  parts  of  a  sentence,  "to  express  the  passions  ot 
emotions  of  the  speaker  ;  as  '•  O  virtue  I  how  amla- 
We  thou  art ! 


*l^  ^  EWGLISH   GIIA5IMAIU, 

ARTICLE. 

An  Article  Is  a  word  prefixed  to  substantives,  t^ 
ppint  them  out  and  show  how  far  the/r  sig-niiication 
extends;   as  a  garden^  an  eagle,   //te  woman. 

-  In  English  there  are  but  two  articles,  a  and  the  ; 
a  becomes  an  before  a  vowel,  and  before  a  .^ilent 
h  ;  as  ail  acorn,  an  hour.  But  if  the  h  be  sound- 
ed, the  a  only  is  to  be  used  ;  as,  a  hand,  a  heart, 
a  highway. 

Jl  or  an  is  styled  the  indefinite  article  :  it  is  us- 
ed in  a  vague  sense,  to  point  out  one  single  thing" 
of  the  kind,  in  other  respects  indeterminate;  as 
''Give  me  a  book  ;^'   "  Bring  me  an  apple." 

Tht  is  called,  the  indefmite  article,  because  it  as- 
certains what  particular  things  are  meant:  as 
''Give  me  tht  book  ;  "Bring  me  iht  apples  ;" 
jaieanmg  some  book,  or  apples  referred  to. 

A  substantive  without  an  article  to  limit  it,  i$ 
generally  taken  in  its  widest  sense  ;  as,  "A  candid 
temper  is  proper  for  man;"  that  is,  ior  all  man- 
kind* 

SUBSTANTIVE.  * 

A«>Substantive  or  noun  is  the  name  of  any  thin* 
that  exists,  or  of  which  we  have  any  notion  ;  as^ 
London^  Man^  Virtue. 

Substantives  are   cither  proper  or  common. 

Proper  names  or  substantives,  are  the  names  ap- 
propriated to  individuals  ;  as,  George,  London, 
Thames. 

vv%(VV'v*/vv/v»^%fV%<\/v,vv^/vvx/vx^oootcoovvvvv%'vvvvv%iV%'V\/*/vvv 

*As  soon  '^s  the  learner  has  committed  to  memory  the 
definitions  of  the  article  and  substantive,  he  should  be 
<?mployed  in  parsing  these  parts  of  speech,  as  they  are  ar- 
ranged in  the  correspondent  Exercises,  in  the  Appendix. 
The  learner  should  proceed  in  this  manner,  through  all 
the  definitions  and  rules,  regularly  turning  to,  and  parsing; 
the  exercises  of  one  definition  or  rule,  before  he  proceeds 
to  ,anothei?.  In  the  same  order,  he  should  be  taught  to 
correct  the  erroneous  examples  in  the  Exercises.  For 
ftirther  directions  respecting  the  mode  of  using,  the  Exer* 
cises  seef  "English  Exercises,"  Tcnih^  or  any  subsequeirt 
edition,  page  9—1*. 


JETY3I0L0GY.  13 

Gommon  names  or  subata.iitives^  stand  for  kinds 
contaiiiiu^  many  sorts.or  for  i?orts  containing  xn^xny 
individuals  under  theri;^;  as,  ani:.:al,  man,  tree,  &c. 

To  substantives  belong  gCDder,  number,  and 
rape  ;  and  they  arc^all  of  the  third  person,  when 
epoken  o/,  and  of  the  second,  "when  spoken /o,:  as^ 
*'"}>lessings  attend  us  on  every  side  :  Be  g-rateful, 
children  of  men  i ■'  that  is,  ye  children  of  men 

Gender  is  the  distinction  of  nouns,  with  regard 
to  the  sex.  There  are  thre^^  genders,  the  ^Viascu- 
line,  the  Feminine,  and  the  Neuter. 

The  masculine  gender  denotes  animals  of  the 
male  kind  ;  as^  a  man,  a  horse,  a  bull. 

The  feminine  gender  signifies  animals  of  the  fe- 
male kind  ;  as,  a  woman,  a  duck,  a  hen. 

Tlie  neuter  gender  denotes  objects  which  are 
neither  males  nor  females  ;  as,  a  field,  a  house, 
a  garden. 

Some  substantives  naturally  neuter  are,  by  a  fig- 
vire  of  speech,  -converted  into,,  the  masculine  or 
feminine  gender-;  as,  when  we  say  of  the  sun,  he 
is  setting,  and  of  a  ship,  sht  sails  well,  &c. 

The  English  langaage  has  three  metliods  of  dis- 
tinguishing ihe  sex,viz. 


'    1.  Bydili; 

erent  words ; 

:  aa. 

Mah.. 

Female; 

Male, 

FerrMle: 

>^achelor 

maid 

Husband 

wife 

%o%v 

saw 

ICihg 

queen 

i.-^]Bpy 

girl . 

,  Lad 

lass 

Brother 

I^gister 

Lord 

lady 

Buck 

■   doe 

Wan 

wi)  man- 

a^uU 

cow 

Maftter 

mistress 

Kv.llock  . 

or} 

>    heifcp 

Milter 

fpay/ner 

.^tcer 

Nephew 

niece 

.Cock 

hen 

Ram 

ewe 

Dog  - 
Drake 

bitch 
duck 

Singer    ■ 

songstress 
or  singer 

Ktirl 

countess- 

Sl-otcii 

flwt           ^ 

f'athiep 

mother 

Son 

daughter 

'liar 

nun 

Stag 

hind 

X4 


£NeLTSB  CRAKMARr 


Male,                 Female. 

Male. 

jP«m<i/r, 

Gandtjr             g^oose 

Uncle 

aunt 

Hart                 roe 

wzzard 

witch 

Horse                mare 

2.  By  a  difference  of  termination  r 

as. 

Abbot            abbess 

Landgrave 

landofravin* 

Actor            actress 

Lion 

lioness 

Administrator  \ff,^^^ 

( tra.trix 
Adulterer    %dulteress 

'Marquis 

marchioness. 

Master 

mistress 

Ambassador    Jambassa 
I  dress 

Mayor 

mayoress 

Arbiter            arbitress 

Patron 

patroness 

Baron             baroness 

Peer 

peeress 

Bridegroom    bride 

Poet 

poetess 

Benefactor    bcnefactres 

cPriest 

pricstesa 

Caterer          cateress 

Prince 

princess 

Chanter          chantress 

Prior 

prioress 

Conductor     conductress  Prophet 

prophetess 

Count              countess 

Protector 

protectress 

Deacon           deaconess 

Shepherd 

shepherdess 

Duke              duchess 

Songster 

songstress 

Elector           electre^s 

Sorcerer 

sorceress 

Emperor         empress 

Sultan 

1 ',  sultaness  or 
i  sultana 

Enchanter       enchantress 

Executor         executrix 

Tiger 

tigress 

Governor        ^vernesa 

Traitor 

traitoress 

Heir                 heiress 

Tutor 

tutoress 

Hero                heroine 

Viscount 

Viscountess 

Hunter            huntress 

Votary 

votaress 

Host                hostess 

Widower 

widow 

3.  By  a  noun,  pronoun,  oradjectire,  be*r»e  pre- 

J^xcd  to  the  substantive 

:  as. 

A  cock-sparrow 

A  hen-sparrow 

A  man-3erV5int 

A  maid-servant 

A  he-^oat 

A  she-goat 

A  he-bear 

A  she-bear 

A  male  child 

A  4eraale  chilv 

Male  de$c£udafit5 

Feaale  desccmdjmt^ 

JfTTYMOLOGY.  !.# 

Kumber  is  the  consideration  of  an  object,  as  one 
«r  more. 

Substantives  are  of  two  numbers,  tb«  singular 
9.nd  plural. 

The  singular  number  expresses  ^ut  one  object ; 
as,  a  chair,  a  table. 

The  plural  number  sig;ni£es  more  objects  than 
one  ;  aai,  chairj-,  tables. 

Some  uouns,  iVom  the  nature  of  the  things  which 
th'-^y  express,  are  used  o.nly  in  the  sing^ular,  others 
only  in  the  plural  form ;  as,  wheat,  pitch,  gold, 
sloth,  pride,&:c.,  and  bellows,  scissors,  lungs,  rich- 
es, &c. 

Some  words  are  the  same  in  both  numbers,  as  ; 
deer,  shet;p,  swine,  &c. 

The  plural  number  of  nouns  is  generally  formed 
by  adding  s  to  the  singular ;  as,  dove,  d^ves  ;  face, 
faces  ;  thought,  thoughts.  But  when  the  substan* 
tive  singular  ends  in  .r,  c/f,  j/i,  or  w,  w«  add  es  ia 
the  plural ;  as,  box,  boxes  ;  church,  churches ; 
lash,  lashes ;    kiss,  kisses. 

Nouns  ending  in  /or  /c,  are  generally  rendered 
plural  by  the  change  of  those  terminations  into  ves  ; 
as,  loaf,  loaves  ;  wife,  wives.  Those  which  end 
inff^  have  the  regular  plural  ;  as  niif,  ruffs. 

Such  as  have  ,v  in  the  singular,  with  no  other 
vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  change  it  into  ies  in  the 
plural ;  as  beauty,  beauties ;  fly,  flies ;  but  the  y 
ifl  not  changed,  when  there  is  another  vowel  in  the- 
syllable;  as.  key ^    keys;  delay,  delays. 

CASE. 

In  English,  substantives  have  three  ca^es,  the. 
Nominative,  the  Possessive,  and  the  Objective.* 

The  nominative  case  simply  expresses  the  name 
of  a  thing,  or  the  subject  of  the  verb  :  as,  "'  The 
i)oy  plays  ;"  ''  The  girls  learn." 

The  possessive  case  expresses  the  relation  of 
property  or  possession  ;  and  has  an  apostrophe  with 

*Oa  the  propriety  of  tliis  obj«ctivo  ca»€,  s«e  the  large 
Qramnoar,  pp.  i4,  55. 


18 


EJVGLISn    GllAMMA:a, 


the  letter  s  coming  after  it ;  as  ''The  scholars  du- 


^y; 


}Ay  father'' s  house.*' 


\nien  tht^  plural  ends  in  .y,  the  other  s  is  omitted, 
but  the  apostro]'''ie  is  retained;  as,  ''On  fcai,4es* 
wiiigs  ;  "The  drapers^  company.'" 

Sometimes  also,  when  the  singular  terminates  in 
s^  the  apostrophic  s  is  v^oi  added  ;  as,  "  For  good- 
ness' sak(?  ;"  For  rig-btcousness'  sake/' 

The  objective  case  expresses  the  object  of  an  ac- 
tion, or  of  a  relation  ;  and  generally  follows  a  verb 
active,or  a  preposition  ;  as,  "'John  assists  Charles  ;"' 
*'Thcy  live  in  London."" 

English  substantives  are  declined  in  the  follow- 
ing manner  : 

Singular.  Plural, 

JVominalive  Case,  A  mother.  Mothers. 

Fosstssivt  Case,  A  mother'^s  Mothers'.^ 

Objective  Case,  A  mother  Mothers. 

Sh.gulo-r,  Plural. 

J^ominaJwe  Case,  The  man  the  men 

Possessive  Cose,  The  man's  the  men's" 

Objeciive  Case.  The  man  the  meu 

ADJECTIVE. 

Aii  Adjective  is  a  word  added  to  a  gubstantlv^.^-, 
to  express  its  quality  ;  as,  "An  indiisUious  man  ;  " 
^'A  virtuous  woman;"  "A  benevolent  mind." 

In  English  the  adjeetive  is  not  varied  on  ac- 
count of  gender,  number,  or  case.  Thus  we  say, 
*'  A  careless  boy  ;  careless  girls." 

The  only  variation  which  it  admits,  ii  that  of  the 
degrees  of  comparison. 

There  are  commonly  reckoned  three  degrees  of 
comparison ;  the  positive,  comparative  and  super* 
lativf. 

The  positive  state  expresses  the  quality  of  an  ob- 
ject, without  any  increase  of  diminution  ;  as  good, 
wise,  great. 

Tht'  comparative  degree  increases  or  lessens  the 
positive  in  sigiiiiication  ;    as  wi?er,  greater,  less 


ETYMOLOGY.  17 

The  superlative  de^ee  increases  or  lessens  the 
]^«itfve  to  the  hi.^hest  or  lowest  decree  ;  as  Vvisest, 
greatest,  least  wise. 

The  simple  word,  or  positive,  becomes  the  com- 
parative, by  addin*  r  or  tr ;  and  the  superlative,  by 
adding^  at  or  e*/,  to  the  end  of  it ;  as  wise,  wiser, 
wisest  ;  great,  greater,  greatest.  And  the  adverbs 
mort  and  moj/,  placed  before  the  adjective,  have 
the  same  effect ;  as  wise,  nxort  ^ise,  most  wise. 

Monosyllables,  for  the  most  part,  are  compared 
by  tr  or  tsl  ;  and  dissyllables  by  mnvf^  and  most  ; 
as,  mild,  milder,  mildest  ;  frugal,  more  frugal, 
jnost  frugal. 

Some  words  of  very  common  use  are  irregularly 
formed  ;  as  good,  better,  best  ;  bad,  worse,  worst; 
little,  less,  least  ;  much  or  many,  more,  most ;  and 
a  few  others. 

PRONOUNS. 

A  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  ins^ad  of  a  noun,  to  a- 
void  the  too  frequent  repetition  of  the  same  word  ; 
as,  "The  man  is  happy  ;  ht  Ls  benevolent  ;  he.  is 
useful." 

Tliere  are  three  kinds  of  pronouns,  viz.  the  Per- 
sonal, the  Relative,  and  the  AdjtK-tive  Pronouns. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

There  are  iive  Personal  Pronouns  ;  viz.  /,  //tow, 
ftc,  shty  il  \  with  their  plurals,  wt^  yt  or  you,  they. 

I*ersonal  pronouns  admit  of  person,  number, 
gender,  and,  case. 

The  persons  of  pronouns  are  three  in  each  of  the 
ii'imbers,  viz. 

/,  is  the  first  person  ^ 

Thou  is  the  second  person  >  Singular 

Ht  the  or  27,is  the  third  person  ' 

^c,  is  the  first  person 

»,  or  you^  is  the  second  person  >  t^, 

Thty,  is  the  third  per.on  >  ^^'^''^^ 

The  numbers  of  pronoun*,  like  those  of  substan- 
tives, are  two,  the  singular  and  the  plural  ;  as,  /, 
ihouy  he  ;  we^  ye,  they, 

£2 


^18 


ENGLISH   GRAM3IAK. 


Gender  has  respect  only  to  the  thud  perfson  sia- 
g-ular  of  the  pronouns,  he^  she^  it.  He  is  mascu- 
line ;  she  is  feminine  ;  it  is  neuter. 

Pronouns  have  three  cases  ;  the  nominative,  tho 
possessive,  and  the  objective. 

The  objective  case  of  a  pronoun  has,  in  general^ 
a  form  different  from  that  of  the  nominative  or  the 
possessive  case. 


The 

personal  pronouns  are  thus 

declined. 

5*erson. 

Case. 

Sinarular. 

FluraL 

First, 

J^om. 

I    ^ 

We 

Fosses. 

Mine 

Ours 

Obj, 

Me 

Us- 

Second 

J^om, 

Thou 

Ye  or  yoa 

Posses, 

Thine 

Yours 

Obj. 

Thee 

You 

Third 

JS''om. 

He 

They 

Mas, 

Posses, 

His 

Theirs 

Obj. 

Him 

'  Them 

Third 

JVbm. 

She 

'They 

Fern 

Posses. 

Hers 

Their* 

Obj. 

Her 

Them 

Third 

.Yom. 

It 

They 

Neuter 

Posses. 

Its 

Theirs 

Obj. 

It 

Them. 

RELATIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Relative  Pronouns  are  such  as  relate,  in  general^' 
to  some  word  or  phrase  going-  before,  which  is 
thence  called  the  antecedent ;  they  are  who^  ivhichy 
and  that  ;  as,  ^'The  man  is  happy  t(<ho  lives  virtu- 
ously.*"* 

What  is  a  kind  of  compound  relative,  including 
both  the  antecedent  and  the  relative,  and  is  eqxiiv- 
"alent  to  that  which  ;  as,  "This  is  what  I  wanted ;" 
that  is  to  say,  ^'•the  thing  which  I  wanted/" 

IVIio  is  applied  to  persons,  which  to  animals  and 
inanimate  things  ;  as,  ''He  is  tl  friend^  who  is  faith- 

^   *See  Graramarj  14tb,  or  any  subsequent  ctlition,  p.  0?/ 
thp  note.. 


ETYMOLOGY.  1§ 

ful  In  adversity  ;'^  "The  bird,  which  sung:  so  sweet- 
ly is  flown ;"  ^'^  This  is  the  /rce  which  produces  no 
iruit." 

Tkaf^^s  a  relative,  is  often  used  to  prevent  the, 
too  frequent  repetition  oi'who  and  vjJiich.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  persons  and  things  ;  a*,  '•'•He  that  acta 
wisely  deserves  praise  ;'*'^  '■'Modesty  h  a  qualiti/ 
tJiat  highly  adorns  a  woman.'' 

}Vho  is  of  both  numbers,  and  i.{  thus  declined.  ' 

SINGULAR  AND   PLURAL. 

Nominative  Wh9 

Possessive  7r/u>?e 

Objective  Whim 

Who^  ivhich^  ivhal^  are  called  TnfKrrogatives^  when 
they  are  used  in  askin<c  questions ;  as,  ''  Who  i?> 
he?"  '^  Which  is  the  book  T''  ^'What  are  you  do- 
ails'  ?" 

ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS. 
Adjectiv-;  Pronoun?:  are  of  a  mixed  nature,  par- 
ticipating the  properties  both  of  prv)nouLs  and  ad- 
jectives. 

Th^-  adjective  pronouns  may  be  subdivided  into 
four  sorts,  nanifjy,  th.j  possessive^  the  dislributii-t^ 
the  deTnonsirutii'c^  '.nd  the  inJzjinite. 

1.  1\iG  possessive  are  those  which  relate  to  pos- 
session or  property. 

There  are  seven  of  them,  viz.  7/1//,  Uiv^  his^  her^ 
our^  your^  their. 

Mine  and  thine^  instead  of  w.y  and  fhy^  were 
formerly  used  before  a  substantive  or  adjective  be- 
ginnins:  with  ^' vowel,  or  a  silent /i  ;  as.  "Blot  out 
sill  tnr.x  iniquities."  ''^ 

2.  The  distributive  are  those  which  denote  th'? 
persons  or  things  I',. at  make  up  a  number,  as  taken 
separately  and  singly.  I'hey  are,  eac/i,  every^  ei^ 
iher  ;  as,  ^'/iJftc/t  of  his  brothers  is  in  a  favorable 
situation."  '-^Kvcry  man  must  accouii:  for  iiimself.'' 
'4  have  not  seen  either  of  them." 

3.  The  demoiMrative  are  those  which  precisely 
pain^out  the  subjects  to  vfhich  they  relate  :  iUiii 


20  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 

and   tkat^  these  and  those^  are   of  this  class ;  as, 
^'"This  is  true  ciiAfity  ;  thai  is  only  its  image." 

7712:5  refers  to  liie  nearest  person  or  thiri§;,and  that 
to  the  more  distant :  as,  ''^7'his  man  is  more  intelli- 
gent than  /A-d/."  This  indicates  the  latter,  or  last 
mentioned  ;  that  the  former  or  fir-st  mentioned  :  as, 
"Wealth  and  poverty  are  both  temptations  ;  tluit 
tends  to  excite  pride  ;  ihis^  discontent.'" 

4.  The  indtjinite  are  those  which  express  their 
subjects  in  an  indefinite  or  general  manw?r.  The 
following;  are  of  this  kind:  somt^  other,  any,  one, 
ally  such,  %c. 

Other  U  declined  in  the  following  manner  :• 

Sin^^ular.  Plural. 

Nom.  other  others 

PossT.  other^s  others^ 

Obj.  others  vlfurs 

VERBS. 

A  Verb  is  a  word  which  signifies  to  he,  to  do,  or 
to  sujftr ;  as,  '4  am,  I  rule,  I  am  rulsd.'*' 

Verbs  are  of  three  kinds  ;  Active,  Passive,  ancK>  , 
^^euier.     They  are  also  divided  into   Regular^  Ir- 
regular  and  Defective. 

A  Verb  Active  expresses  an  action,  and  necessa- 
rily implies  an  agent,  and  an  object  acted  upon  ; 
as,  to  love  ;  '4  love  Penelope.''' 

A  Verb  Passive  expresses  a  passion  or  a  suffering, 
or  the  receiving  of  an  action  ;  and  necessarily  im- 
plies an  object  acted  upon,  and  an  agent  by  which 
it  is  acted  upon  ;  as  to  be  loved ;  'Tenelope  is  lov- 
ed by  me." 

A  Verb^r^euter  expresses  neither  action  ♦  }T  pas- 
>ion  ;  but  being,  or  a  state  of  being  ;  as,  "•!  am,  I 
«l»ep,  I  sit." 

Auxiliary  or  TIelpiag  Verbs,  a- e  those  by  the  help 
©f  which  the  English  verbs  are  principally  conju- 
gfated  ;  the  v  are  do,  be,  have,  shall,  will,  may,  can, 
with  their  variations  ;  and  let  and  must,  which 
have  no  variation. 

To  Verbs  belong;  JVwm&er,  Ferson^  Mood  auxj 
Time* 


ETYMOLOGIL.-  21 

KT':«BER  AND  PKIiSON. 

Verbs  have  two  numbers,  the  Sing;ular  and  tli<5 
Plural ;  as,  *•*!  love,  we  love." 

In  oach  niiiaber  there  are  three  persons  ;  as, 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

FirH  Person  I  love.  We  love. 

Stco-nd  Person,  'J'houlovest.       Ye  love. 

Third  Person  He  loves.    ^        They  love, 

MOODS. 

Mood  or  Mode  is  a  particular  form  of  the  ve^b, 
shovring;  the  manner  in  which  the  being,  action,  oc 
passion,  is  lepres^'^nted. 

There  ate  live  moods  of  verbs,  the  Indicative^ 
the  Irtipcratire^  the  PoUntial'^  the  Subjunctive^  and 
the  hijinilivc. 

The  Indicative  Mood  simply  indicates  or  de* 
dares  a  thing^ ;  as,  ""He  loves  ;  he  is  loved  :  or  it 
asks  a  questicn  ;  as,  "Does  he  love  ?    Is  he  loved  ?'* 

The  Imperative  Mood  is  used  for  commanding:^ 
exhorting,  intreatiiig-,  or  peimltting ;  as,  "-Depart 
t^iou  ;  mind  ye  ;  let  us  stay  ;  go  in  peace.'' 
,,  The  Potential  Mood  implies  possiljility  or  liber- 
ty, power,  will,  or  obligation  ;  as,  "It  may  rain  j 
ha  may  go  or  stay  ;  1  can  ride  ;  he  would  walk  j 
they  s"hould  learn." 

The  Subjunctive  Mood  represents  a  thing  under 
a  condition,  motive,  wish,  supposition,  &c.  and  is 
preceded  by  a  conjunction,  expressed  or  under- 
iitood,  and  attended  by  aiaother  verb  ;  as,  "I  will 
respect  him,  though  he  chide  me  ;*"  "Were  he 
good,  he  would  be  happy  ;*'  that  is,'  "z/he  w^ere 
good." 

The  Infinitive  Moo-d  expresses  a  thing  in  a  gen- 
wal  and  unlimited  manner,  without  any  distinction 
of  number  or  person  ;  as,  "to  act,  to  speak,  to  be, 
feared." 

The  Partciple  is  a  certain  form  of  the  verb,  and 
derives  its  name  from  it's  participating,  not  only 
Cie  properties  of  a  verb,  but  also  those  of  an  ad- 
jective ;  as  I  am  desirous  ot  knowing  him  ;  •ddmir- 
ed  and  o.jjplaudeA^  he  bev':ainf:  vain  ;"  Having  firv- 
'ilhed  his  work,  he  submitted  it  ;""&:c. 


22  E2?GLISH   G11.1MMAR. 

There  are  three  Participles,  th(;  Present  or  A©» 
^ve,  the  Perfect  or  Passive,  and  Ihe  compound 
Perfect;  as,  "loving,  lover,  having  loved." 

TflE   TEJfSES. 

Tr.nse  bring  the  distiviction  of  time,  nn^ht  seem 
to  admit  only  of  the  present,  past  and  future  ;  but 
to  mark  it  more  accurately,  it  is  made  to  consist, 
of ^ix  variations,  viz.  the  Present^  the  Imfirfed^ 
ihe  Perfect,  the  Plu-ptrfcct^  the  First  and  Second 
Fviurt  Ttnsts  ^ 

The  Present  Tense  represents  an  action  or  e- 
T«nt,  as  passing  at  the  time  in  which  it  is  mention- 
ed ;  as,  *'''I   rule  ;  I  am  ruled  ;  I  think  ;  I  fear/' 

The  Imperfect  Tense  represents  the  action  or  e- 
veut,  cither  as  past  and  finished,  or  as  remaining^ 
unfaiished  at  a  certain  time  past ;  as,  ^'I  loved  her 
for  her  modutty  aad  virtue  ;"  ^^They  were  travel- 
ling post   when  he  met  them."" 

The  Perfect  Tense  not  only  refers  to  what  rt 
pas':,  bat  also  conveys  an  allusion  to  the  present 
time  ;  as,  '•'I  have  fniiehed  my  letter  ;"  *'i  have 
seen  the  person  that  was  recommended  to  me." 

The  PhipLriect  Tense  represents  a  thing,  not 
©nly  as  past,  but  also  as  prior  to  some  other  point 
of  time  specified  in  the  sentence  ;  as,  '4  had  finish- 
«d  my  letter  before  he  arrived."*' 

The  first  Future  Tense  represents  the  action  ^9 
yet  to  come,  either  with  or  without  respect  to  th« 
precise  time  when  ;  as,  "The  sun  will  rise  tomor- 
row ;"  *'l  shall  see  them  again,'' 

The  second  future  intimates  that  the  action  will 
be  fully  accomplished^  at  or  before  tne  time  of  an- 
other future  action  or  event  ;,  as  I  shall  have  din- 
ed at  one  o'clock ;"  '^The  two  houses  will  have 
finished  their  business,  when  the  king  comes  to 
prorogue  them." 

The  conjugation  of  a  verb  is  the  regular  com* 
binatiorj  *n-l  arrangement  ot'its  several  noiiiber*, 
jr>ersons,  moo'is,  and  tenses. 

The  conj  nidation  of  an  active  verb  is  styled  the 


ETTirOLO  GY.  22? 

ACTIVE  VOICE  ;    and  that  of  a  passive  v^rb  thei 
FAS<-1VE  vein  . 

The  auxiliary  and  active  verb  Tu  haxe^  is  coa-fc 
jugated  ill  the  following  inannCi.*  i 

TO  HAVE, 
INDICATIVE  MOOD.        *^ 
Present  Tfkse. 
Singular.  Plural 

1  Ters*  I  have  1  V^'V  have^ 

2  Pers.   Thou  hast  2  Yl  %  you  have 
Sl'KRS    He  slK,  «rit,J    3  They  have 

hath  or  has      y  -^ 

biPERFiXT  Tensf. 
SiTigular,  I'Lurah 

1  1  had  1  We  had 

2  '1  hon  hadst  2  Ye  or  vou  had 

3  lie,  kc,  had  3  They  had* 

Perfect  Te.^se. 
Singular .  FluraL 

1  1  have  had  1  We  havt  had 

£  Thou  h.a.st  had  2  Ye  or  you  liave  hai. 

3  He  has  had,  3  They  have  had 

Peupebfect  Tense. 
Singular.  Plural, 

1  I  had  had  1  We  had  had 

2  '1  hou  hadst  had  2  Ye  or  you  had  hadr 

3  Ue  had  had  3  They  had  had' 

*ThD  vc-ibs^  though  conj\igated  at  lai:ge  through  all  their 
V^nsea,  that  the  Itaincrs  may,  by  a  full  and  regular  dis- 
play of  tiiem,  more  completely  understand  their  nature 
aiuL use,  rjc:il  DOt  be  wholly  committed  to  memory,  by 
youn<5  persons  who  ar^  beginning  the  study  of  (Grammar. 
If  the  simple  tens«s^  namely  the  jti-csent  and  the  irr-er- 
^fdtog^elher  >viththe //r*f/w/wrfi  tense,  should  in  thefjist 
instance,  be  committed  to  memory,  and  the  rest  carefully 
perused  and  exj^laincd,.  the  business  will  pot  be  tedious  tft 
the  scholars,  and  their  progress  will  he  rendered  mcr& 
r  obvious  and  pleasing.  The  general  yiew  of  the  subject^ 
"i-hus  actjuired  and  ii..i)res8eJ^ma}^  be  afterwards  ejOendfli. 
i^itii  case  suid  advantage »     ^ 


FmsT  Future  Tesse. 
Singvlar^  PktraL 

1  1  shall  or  will  hare       1  We  sliail  or  ttIII  nave 

2  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  have2  Ye  or  you  shall  or  will 

3  He  shall  or  will  have  ^  m        u  o  -ut^^^ 

^  3   They  shall  or  will  have 

^      SecoiVd  Future  Ten'^e. 
Singular.  Pfund. 

1  I  shall  have  had  1  We  shall  have  ha.il 

2  Thou  wilt  have  had     2  Ye  or  3^oti  will  ha^e  had 
"3  lie  will  have  '^lad        3  They  will  have  had 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD^ 

Singular,  Plurah 

1  Let  me  have  1  Let  us  have 

2  Hsive  thon,  or  do  thou2  Have  ye,  or  do  ye  er, 

Have  you  have 

3  Let  him  have  3  Let  them  have 

POTENTIAL  MOOD, 
Present  Teivse. 
Sirpgular,  Plurah 

1  l^ay  or  can  have         1  W?  may  or  can  have 

2  Thou  mayzt  or  canst  2  Ye  or  you  may  or  cau 

have.  have. 

D  He  may  or  can  have.    3  They  may  cr  can  hava 
Lmpj:rfect  Te2:5e. 
Singular,  Plurah 

1  I  might,  could,  would,!  We  mig;ht,could,wouId 

or  shr-uld  have  or  should  have 

2  Thou  piightst,  couldst^  Y'"e  or  you  mi^ht,could,  " 

wouldst,  or  shousdst        would,orshould  have 
have  3    They   mi.u'ht,    could, 

3  He  mi^ht,  could,would         would,    or     should 

or  should  have  have 

Perfect  Tense. 
Singular,  Plural. 

t  I  may  or  can  have  had!  Wemayorcauhavehad 
'2  Thou   mayst.  ojr  caiist2  Ye  or  you  may  or  caa 

have  had  have  had. 

3  He  may  or  can  have  3  They  may  or  can  harft 
had  '    Ijckd 


ETYMOLOOT.  S^iJ 

Pluperfect  Ten'se. 

Singular,  Plural 

1  1  might,  could,  would,!  We  might,could,woulci 

or  should  have  had  or  should  have  had 

2  Thou  mightst,  couldst,2  Ye  or  you  might,could 

would3t  or  shouWst        would  orshould  have 
have  had  had. 

3  He  might,  could, would3Theymight,could,would 

or  should  have  had  or  should  have  had 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense. 
SinguUtr»  Plural, 

1  If  I  have  1  If  we  have 

2  If  thou  have  2  If  ye  or  you  have 

3  If  he  have  3  If  they  have* 

INFINITIVE  MOOU 
Present  To  have.         Perfect  To  have  had.- 
PAilTICIPLES. 
Present  or  Active     Having". 
Perfect  or  Passive     Had 
Compound  Perfect  Having  had. 
The  auxiliary  and  neuter  verb  To  6e,is  conjuga- 
ted as  follows  : 

TO  BE. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense. 
Singular,  Plural, 

1  1  am  1  We  are 

2  Thou  art  2  Ye  or  you  arc 

3  He,  she,  or  it,  is  3  They  are 

*The  remaining  tenses  of  the  subj'  nctive  mood^  are, 
in  general,  similar  to  the  correspondent  tenses  of  the 
indicative  mood  ;  with  the  addition  to  the  verb  of  a  con- 
junction, expressed  or  implied,  denoting  a  condition,  mo- 
tive, wish,  supposition,  <^,  It  will  be  proper  to  direct 
tlie  learner  to  repeat  all  the  tenses  of  this  mood,  with  a 
conjunction  prefixed  to  each  of  them.  For  the  propriety 
of  conjugating  the  subjunctive  mood  in  this  manner,  see 
the  large  Grammar,  fourteenth^  cr  any  subsequent  edi- 
tioiv  pp.90, 102, 103,and  the  notes  oa  the  niaeteeuth  rule 
of  Symax, 

C 


3a  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

Imperfect   2ejvse. 

Singular,  Plural. 

1  I  was  1  V.'o  were 

2  Ihou   wast  2  Ye  or  you  were 

3  Ho  was  3  They  were 

Perfect  ^ease. 
Singular  Plural 

1  I  have  been  1  We  have  been 

2  Thou  hast  been  2  Ye  or  you  have  beea 

3  He  hath  or  has  bt-en     3  They  have  been 

PLUrERFECT    TeA'SE. 

Singular  Plural 

1  I  had  been  1  We  had  been 

2  Thou  hadst  been  2  Ye  or  yoii  had  been 

3  He  had  been  3  They  had  been 

First  Futfre  Tea'se. 
S'ingular  Plural 

1  I  shall  cr  will  be  1  We  shall  or  will  be 

2  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  be    2  Yeoryou  shallor  will  be 

3  He  shall  or 'will  be        3  They  shall  m'  will  be 

Second  Future  J^ense. 
Singular  Plural 

1  I  shall  have  been  1  We  shall  have  been     > 

2  Thou  wilt  have  been    2  Yeoryou  will  have  been 

3  He  will  have  been         3  They  will  have  been 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Singular  Plural 

1  Let  me  be  1  Let  us  be 

2  Be  thou  or  do  thou  be2  Be  ye  or  you  or  do  ye  be 

3  Let  him  be  3  Let  th^m  be 

POTENTIAL  MOOD. 
P RESEAT  Tease. 
Singular  Plural. 

1  T  may  or  can  be  1  We  mayor  can  be 

2  Thou  mayst  or  canst  b  32  Yeor  you  may  or  can  be 

3  He  mayor  can  be  3  They  may  or  can  be 

Imperfect  Tense 

1  I  mio^ht,could,would,orl  We  might, couId,would 

should  be  or  should  be 

2  Thou  mightst,  couldst,2  Ye  or  you  might,could^ 

would*t  or  shouldst  be      would,  or  should  he 


ETYMOLOGT.  27 

8  He  misht,could,would3Thcymij-ht,could,would 
or  should  be  or  shauid  be 

Perfect  Tease. 
Singular  Plural 

1  I  may  or  can  have  beenl  We  mayorcan  havebeen 

5  Thou    raayst  or  canbt2  Ye  or  you   may  or  can 

have  been  havt  been 

6  fle  mayorcan  have  been3  yhey  may  or  can  have 

been 
Pluperfect  Tense. 
Singular  Plural 

1  I  might,could, would, orl  We  might, could, would 

should  have  been  or  should  have  been 

2  jfhou  mi^htst,  couldst,2  Ye  er  you  mighl,couId, 

wouldst   or  shouldst         would,orslu>uld  hav« 
have  been  been 

3  lie  »ni^ht,could,would,37'heymight,could  would 

or  should  have  been        or  should  have  been, 
SUBJUNCTIVE  IVIOOD. 
Present  Tekse. 
Singular  Plural 

1  If  I  be  1   If  we  be 

2  If  T'hou  be  2  If  ye  or  you  be 

3  If  He  be  3  If  they  be 

Imperfect  Texse. 

1  If  I  were  1  If  we   were 

2  If  thou  wert  2  If  ye  or  you  were 

3  If  he  w^ere  3  If  they  were* 

INFINiriVE   MOOD. 
Present^  To  he         Perfect^  To  have  been. 
^  PA.aTIClPJ.i-e. 

Present^  Btin*         Ptrftct^  Been. 
Compound  Perfect,       IJavhjg-  been. 

Of  the  Conjugation  of  Regular  Verbs. 

ACTIVE. 

Verbs  Active  are  called  jiearular,  when  they  form 
their  imperfect  t(.  I.     of  the  Indica^ve  Mood,  and 

*The  lemaiainc;  tenses  cf  this  mocd,  arc,  in  general, 
similar  to  the  correspondent  tenses  in  the  inilicati<ve  mgoi*. 
^ee  note  at  pa^,23. 


28  JJXGLISH  GRxlMMAR. 

their  perfect  participle,  by  adding  to  the  verb,  ei, 
©r  rf,  only,  when  the  verb  ends  in  c;  as, 

Present  Imperfecf  Perjfect  Participle, 

I  favour  I  favoured  Favoured 

r  love  I  loved  Loved 

A  Regular  Active  Verb  is  conjugated  in  the  fol- 
loM^ini^  manner ; 

TO  LOVE. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense. 
Singular  Plural 

1  I  love  1  We  love 

2  Thou  lovest  2  Ye  or  you  lo\^ 

3  Le,  she,  or  it  loveth  or3  They  love 

loves 

Imperfect  Tense. 

1  I  loved  1  We  loved 

2  Thou  lovedst  ^  Ye  or  you  loved 
S  He  loved  3  They  loved 

Perfect  Tense. 

1  I  have  loved  1  We  have  loved 

2  Thou  hast  loved  2  Ye  or  you  have  loved 

3  He  hath  or  has  loved    3  They  have  loved 

PLUPERFECT    TENSE. 

1  I  have  loved  1  We  had  loved 

2  Thou  hadst  loved         2  Ye  or  you  had  loved 

3  He  had  loved  3  They  had  loved 

FIRST    FUTURE   TENSE. 

1  I  shall  or  will  love         1  We  shall  or  will  lov« 

2  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  love2Yeoryoii  shallorwilllove 

3  He  shall  or  will  love     3  They  shall  orwill  lov« 

SECOND    future   tense. 

1  I  shall  have  loved        1  We  shall  have  loved 

2  Thou  wilt  have  loved2  Ye  or  you   shall   have 

3  He  will  have  loved  loved 

3  Thry  will  have  loved 
IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
present  tense. 
Singular  PluraL 

i  Let  me  love  1  Let  us  love- 


XTYMOLOGY.  %^ 

Singular  Plural 

S  Love  tiiou  or  do  thou2  Love  3^-  or  you  or  do 

love  ye  love 

3  Let  him  love  3  Let  them  love 

POTENTL\L  MOOD. 

PRESENT     TENSE. 

1  I  may  or  can  love         1  We  may  or  can  love 
SThou  i2}aysitoy'caustlove2Yecryoa  mayor  can  love 
3  He  may  or  can  love     3  2'hc;y  may  or  can  love 

IMPERFECT    TENSE. 

1  I  mig^ht,coiild,would,orl  We  migfht,could,would 

shoUifi  love  or  should  love 

2  Thoumightst,  coiildst,2  Yc  or  you  might, could, 
wouldat,  or  shouldst  would,    or    should 
love  love 

3  He  mi»-ht,could,would,37'heymigbt,could,would 

or  should  love  or  should  love 

PERFECT    TENSE. 

1  I  mayorcan  have  loved  1  We  may  or  can  have 

2  Thou    mayst   or  canst         loved 

have  loved  2  Ye  or  you  may    or  can 

3  He  may  or  can  have  have  loved       [lovf^d 

loved  3   7  hey  may  or  can  have 

PLV PERFECT    TENSE. 

1  t  might,  could,  would,l  We  might,could, would 
or  should  have  luved        or  should  have  loved 

2  Thou  mig-htst,  couldst,2  Ye  or  you  mig;ht,  could 
v/ouldst,  or  shouldst  would  or  should  hav« 
have  loved  loved 

3  He  might,could,would3The.'*mig:ht,could,wou]d 
or  should  have  loved        or  should  havx  loved 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 

PRESENT    TENSE. 

1  If  I   love  1   If  we  love 

*2   If  thou  love  2   If  yc    or  you  love 

3   If  he   love  3   If  they  love.*- 

*T'he  remain'mg  ten<^os   of  this  niood  ave,  in   gfneraJ, 
similar  t(;  Vao  correspondent  tenses  of  tlie  indicative 

IiBood.     ijec  note  at  page  23. 
C2 


30  ElfGLISH   GRAMMAJl,^ 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 

Present,    To  Love.         Perfect,    To  hare  lovecL 
PARTICIPLES. 

Present.     Loving.     Perfect.     Loved^ 

Compound  perfect.     Having  loved. 

PASSIV  E. 

Verbs  passive  are  called  regular,  when  they  form 
their  perfect  participle  by  the  additioa  of  d  or  ed^ 
to  tlif'  verb ;  as,  from  the  verb  '^  to  love,"  ia 
formed  the  passive,  *^  I  am  loved^  I  -was  loved, 
I  shall  be  loved,  &lc. 

A  passive  verb  is  conjugated  by  adding  the  per- 
fect participle  to  the  auxiliary  to  be,  through  all 
its  changes  of  number,  person,  mood  and  tease,  ia 
the  following  manner. 

TO  BE  LOVED. 

INDICATIVE   MOOD. 

present  tense. 
Singular.    .  Plural. 

1  1   am  loved  1    We  are  loved 

2  Thou  art  loved  2  Ye  or  you  are  loved 

3  he   is  loved  3  They  are  loved 
■                          imperfect  tense. 

1  I  was  loved  1  Wo  were  loved 

2  Thou   wast  loved        2  Ye  or  you  were  loved. 

3  lie  was  loved  3   They  were   loved 

PERFECT    TENSE. 

1  I  have  been  loved         1    We  have  been  loved 

2  Thou  hast  been  loved   2  Ye   or  you  have  been 

3  He   hath  or  has  been  loved 

loved  3  They  have  been  loved 

PLUPERFECT    TENSE. 

1  I  have  been  loved       1    We  had  been  loved 

2  Thou  hadst  been  loved2  Ye  or  you  had  been 

3  He  had  been  loved  loved 

3  They  had  been  loved 

FIRST    FUTURE  TENSE. 

1  I  shall  or  will  be  loved  1  We  shall  or  will  be  lore^ 


tTYMOLOGY.  51 

Singular.  Plural. 

2  Thou  Shalt  or  wilt  be  2   Ye  or  you  shall  or  will 

loved  [ed.  be  loved       [loved. 

3  He  shall  or  will  be  lov-3  They  shall  or  will  be 

SECOND    FUTURE    TENSE. 

1  T  shall  have  been  loved  iWe  shall  havebeenloved 

2  Thou  wilt  have  been     2  Ye   or  you  will  have 

loved  been  loved      [loved. 

3  He  will  have  been  loved3  They  will  have  been 

IMPERATIVE   MOOD. 

1  Let  me   be  loved         1    • .» t  us  be  l®ved 

2  Be  thou  loved,   or  do  2  B   ye  or  you  loved,  or 

thou  be  loved  do  ye  be  Jored 

3  Let  him  be  loved        3   I  et  them  be  loved 

POTENTIAL  MOOD. 

PRESENT     TENSE. 

1  I  may  or  can  be  loved  1  We  may  or  can  be  loved 

2  Thou  mayst  or  canst  be2  Ye  or  you  may  or  can 

loved  be  loved        [loted. 

3  He  may  or  can  be  loved  3  They  may  or  can  be 

IMPERFECT    TENSE. 

1  I  might,  could,  would,  1  We  might,  could,would 

or  should  be  loved  or  should  be  loved 

^  Thoumightst  couldst,  2  Ye  or  you  might,could, 
wouldst,  or  shouldst  Would  or  should  be 

be  loved  loVed 

'3IIemig-ht,could,would^3    They    might,     could, 
or  should  be  loved         would,   or  should    be 
loved 
PERFECT   TENSE. 

1  I  may  or  can  have  beenl   We  may  or  can  have 

loved  been  loved 

2  Thou  mayst  or  canst   2  Ye  or  you  may  or  can 

have  been  loved  have  been  loved 

S  He  may  or  can  have  3  They  may  or  can  have 
been  loved.  been  loved 

PLUPERrECT    TENSE. 
1    I  might,  could,  would,l  We  might,c©uld  woul^ 
or  should  have  been       or  should  have  been 
loved  loved 


2^  FXGLISH  GKAMMAR. 

Singular,  Plural. 

2  Thou  mightst,  couldst,2  Ye  or  you  mi^ht,  cc'n]<:J 

wotildet,  or   shouldst      would,  or  sht^uld  have 
have  been  loved  been  loved 

3  lie  mig-ht,  could, would  3  They   mi^fht,   could, 

or  should  have  been       would,  or  should 
loved.  hare  been   loved 

SUBJU^7CT1VE  MOOD. 

rP..ESLNT    TENSE. 

1  If  I   be  loved  1   If  we  be  loved 

2  If  thou  be   loved         2  If  ye  or  you  be  loved 

3  If  he   be  loved  3   If  they  be  loved 

ITNiPCFtFLCT    TEISSE. 

1  If  I   were  loved  1     If   we  were  Idred 

2  If  thou    wvit  h-ved      2  If  ye  or  you  were  loved 

3  if  he    were   lo\ed         3    If  tliey  were  loved* 

INFINITIVE  iMOOD. 
JPrestnf^  To  be  loved.  Ferfcd^  To  have  been  loved 

PAKTU;  l^LES. 

preseut^    Uung  loved. 
rtrfcct  or  V-dsiiva  Com;  ovnd  Prrfict 

Loved  llaviLg-  b(  en  loved 

IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

Irrcg-ular  Verb?  are  Hiese  m  l.ich  do  not  form  their 
iinp' rfect  teuye,  and  thi  ir  j  eriect  pa:ticij)}e,  by  tht- 
addition  of  ct  or  ui  to  t'iK'  verb  ;   as 

Present  hipcf^j^ci    F(^rf.  or  J^ass.FarL 

1   b(t^ia  1  beg;au  be,^uu 

T  kiiow  I  knew   -  known 

Irregular   Verbs  are  of  vorimfs  sorts. 
1.   f-uch  as  hdi  f^  the  j;rcset>t  and  imperfect  tenses 
and  perfect  paiLiciple  th*-;  .^unie  ;  as, 

Prti-fiit  liRpzyftd     Pi.rf€ci  Farh'ciplc 

(,'o5t  co,^t  cost 

Fat  put  put 


*Th€  remaining  tenses  hi  thin  mood,  aro,  in  gencml, 
similar  to  the  ccrref^pondenUenscs  of  tije  indieative  mood. 
Sec  noie  at  uage  23. 


BTTMOLOGt.  «i^ 

^.   Such  SLs  hare  the  imperfect  tense  and  perfect 
participle  the  same  ;  as 

Frestnt         Imperfect     Perfect  ParticipU 
Abide  abode  abode 

Sell  sold  sold 

S.  Such  as  have  the  imperfect  tense  and  perfect 
participle  different ;  as, 

Present  Imperfect    Perfect  participlt 

Arise  arose  arisen 

Blow  blew  blown 

The  following  list  of  Irregular  Verbs,will,it  is  pre- 
sumed, be  found  both  comprehensive  and  accurate. 


Present 

Imperfect 

Perj\ovPass.Pmt> 

Abide 

abode 

abode 

Am 

was 

been 

Arise 

arose 

arisen 

Awake 

awoke  B. 

awaked 

Bear  ^  ^^  ^^'"§^ 
^^^^l    forth 

hare 

born 

Bear — to  cairy 

bore 

borne 

Beat 

beat 

beaten,  beat 

Begin 

began 

begun 

Bend 

bent 

btrit 

Bereave 

bereft — n. 

bereft—R. 

Beseech 

besought 

bctior.ght 

Bid 

bid,  bade 

bidden,  bid 

Bind 

bound 

bound 

Bite 

bit- 

bitt(  n,  bit 

Bleed 

bled 

bled 

Blow 

blew 

blown 

Break 

broke 

broken 

Breed 

bred 

bred 

Brin^ 

brought 

brought 

Build 

built 

built 

Burst 

burst 

burst 

Buy 

bought 

bought 

Cast 

cast 

cast 

Catch 

caught,  R 

caught  R. 

Chide 

chid 

chidden,  chi4 

Choose 

chose 

chosea 

ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


34 

Present  Imperfect 

Cleave.to stick)  ^       , 

or  adhere    \  ^'^^^^' 
CUave,  to  spli 
Cling 
Clothe 
Come 
Cost 
Crow 
Creep 
Cut 

Dare— to  venti 
Dare,  r.— /o  c 
Deal 
Dig 
Do 
Draw 
Drive 
Drink 
Dwell 
Eat 
I'all 

F:,  el 

Fight  . 

Find 

nee 

Fin- 

J\j 

Forsake 

Freeze 

Cf;t 

Cild 

Gird 

Give 

Go 

Grave 

Grind 

Grew 


Perf.orPass.Pan-f 


clove,  or  cleft 

cleft,  cloven 

clung 

clang 

clothed 

clad,  R. 

came 

come 

cost 

cost             ^ 

crew,  R. 

crowed 

crept 

crept 

cut 

.    cut 

edurst 

dared 

dealt 

dealt,  R. 

1>US-,  R. 

dng,  R. 

did 

done 

drew 

drawn 

drove 

driven 

drank 

drunk 

dwelt,  R. 

dwelt,  R. 

eat  or  ate 

eaten 

fell 

fallen 

fed 

fvd 

felt 

Mt 

forght 

fought 

found 

found 

fled 

fed 

flung 

flung 

fiew 

floM-n 

forgot 

forgotten,  fors^ot 

forsook 

lorsakeii 

froze 

frozen 

got 

got 

gilt,  R. 

^i^t,  R. 

girt,R.^ 

g:in,  R. 

gave 

given 

went 

gone 

graved 

grave>j 

ground 

gro\ind 

grew 

grown 

Present 

Imperfect     Perf.orPassJ^ar 

Have 

had 

had 

Hano; 

hung-,  R.               hung",  R. 

Hear 

heard 

heard 

Hew 

he -.red 

hewn,  R. 

Hide 

hid 

hidden,  hid 

Hit 

hit 

hit 

Hold 

held 

held 

Hurt 

hurt 

hnrt 

Keep 

kept 

kept 

Knit 

knit,  R 

knit,  R. 

Know 

kjiew 

knowu 

Lade 

laded 

laden 

Lay 

iRid 

laid 

Lead 

led 

led 

Leave 

left 

left 

Lend 

lent 

lent 

Let 

let 

let 

Lie,  to  lie  down  lay 

lain 

Load 

loaded 

laden  Ri 

Lose 

lost 

lost 

Make 

made 

made 

Meet 

ta€t 

met 

Mow 

mowed 

mown,  R. 

Pay 

paid 

paid 

Put 

put 

put 

Read 

read 

read 

R«nd 

rent 

rent 

Rid 

rid 

rid 

Ride 

rode 

rode  or  ridden 

Rin^ 

run-,  ra 

ng"          run* 

I^^ise 

rose 

risen 

I^ive 

jrived 

riven 

^un 

rsn 

run 

^aw 

fawo4 

sawn,  R, 

Say 

said 

said 

See 

saw 

seen 

Seek 

sought 

soug;ht 

Sell        ' 

sold 

sold 

Send 

sent 

atnt 

% 


35 


E?fGLISfl   GRAMMAR. 


Present 

Imperfect     I 

^erf.orPassXart. 

Shake 

shook 

shaken 

Slxapft 

shaped 

shaped,  shapen 

ShavQ 

shaved 

shaven  R. 

Shear 

sheared 

shora 

Shed. 

.,  shed 

shed 

Shine 

shone   R 

shone  R 

Show 

showed, 

shown 

Shoe 

shod 

shod 

Shoot 

shot 

shot 

Shrink 

shrunk 

shrunk 

Shred; 

shred 

shred 

Shut 

shut 

shut 

Sing 

sung,  sang 

sung 

Sinlc 

sunk,  sajak 

sunk 

Sit 

sat 

sat 

Slay 

slew 

slain    * 

Sleep. 

slept 

slept 

Slide 

&lid 

slidden 

Sling 

slung 

slung 

Slink 

slunk 

slunk 

Slit 

slit  R- 

slit,  or  slitted 

Smite 

smote 

smitten 

Sow 

sowed 

sown  R, 

Speak 

spoke 

spokea 

Speed 

sped    , 

sped 

Spend 

spent 

spent 

Spill 

spilled  R 

spilt  R 

Spin 

spun 

spun 

Spit 

spit,  spat 

spit,  spittea 

Split 

split 

split 

Spread 

spread 

spread 

Spring- 

sprung,,  sprang 

'sprung 

Stand 

stood 

stood 

Steal 

stole 

stolen 

Stick 

stuck 

stuck     # 

^ting 

stung 

stung 

Sf;nk 

stunk 

stunk 

S  ridft 

strode,  or  strid 

striddea 

Strike 

struck 

stricken 

String 

strung: 

strung 

ETY^IOLOG'S 

Sy 

Present 

Imperfect 

Perf.orPats.Part. 

Strive 

strove . 

striven 

j^trow  or  strew 

strowed„tre.edS=^;-^^;^- 

Swear 

swore 

sworn 

Sweat 

a  wet,  R. 

swet,  R. 

Swell 

swelled 

swollen,  R. 

Swim 

swam,  swum 

swum 

Swinj 

swung^ 

swungj 

Take 

took 

taken 

Teach 

taught 

taught 

Tfear 

tore 

torn 

Tell 

told 

told 

Think 

thongkt 

thought 

Thrive 

throve,  r. 

thriven 

Throw 

threw 

thrown 

Thrust 

thrast 

thrust 

Tread 

trod 

trodden 

Wax 

waxed 

waxen,  R. 

Wear 

wore 

worn 

Weave 

wove 

woven 

Weep 

wept 

wept 

Win 

won 

won 

Wind 

wound 

wound 

Work 

AVriag 

wrought 
wrun* 

wrouo;ht,worked 
wrung" 

Write 

wrote 

y^i'itt^n 

Th»  V5rb3  Which  are  conjug^ate^  regularly,  as 
Wll  as  irregularly,  are  marked  with  an  r.  Th^se 
preterites  and  participles,  which  are  first  mentioned 
in  the  list,  sdem  to  be  the  most  eligibie, 

DEFECTIVE  VERBS. 
Defective  Verbs  are  those  which  are  used  only 
in  some  of  their  moods   and   tenses :  as,  cm,  waj(^ 
been:  can^   could;    may.    might;    shalL  .should 2 
willyUwuld^  &c. 

ADVERB. 

An  Adverb  is  a  part  of  speech  joined' to  a  verb, 
an  a(lje«!tive,  and  sometimes  to  another  adverb,  to 
express  some  quality  or  circumstance  respecting  it 


3»  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

as,  *'  He  reads  ivell  ;">'  •*  A  truly'^ood  man  ;"  ''  fie 
"writt's  very  correctly,^'' 

Some  adverbs  are  compared  thus ;  "  Soon,  soon- 
er, soonest ;  often,  oftentr:,  often^st."  Those  end- 
ing in  ly^  are  compared  by  more  and  mos-t^  as, 
'■^  Wisely,  more  wisely;  most  v/isely.'' 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  Adverbs : 
Once         lastly         prese;itly         quickly       not 
now  before        often  perhaps       how 

here  lattly         much  indeed         more 

PREVOSITION. 
^Prepositions  serve  to  connect  words  with  one 
another,  and  to  show  the  relation  between  them. 
They  are  for  the  most  part  set  before  nouns  and 
pronouns  ;  as,  "  He  went /ror/i  London  to  York  ;'' 
''  She  is  aboi'e  diss^uise  ;'"  ''  They  are  supported  6y, 
industry.^' 
The  follov/ing  is  a  list  of  the  principal  prepositions. 


Of 

into 

above 

kt 

off 

to 

witliia 

below 

near 

pn  or  upon 

for 

without 

between 

up 

among 

by 

over 

beneath 

down 

after 

with 

under 

from 

before 

about 

ill 

through 

beyond 

behind 

against 

CONJUNCTION. 

A  Conjunction  is  a  part  of  speech  that  is  chi€fi7 
vised  to  connect  sentences;  so  as,  out  of  two  or 
more  sentences^  to  make  but  one.  It  sometimes 
connects  only  words. 

Conjunctions  are  principally  dividend  into  two 
sorts,  the  C.ojmlatu-e  and  Disjunctive. 

'I  he  Conjunction  Copulative  serves  to  connect  or 
/continue  a  sentence,  by  expressing  an  addition,  a 
•supposition,  a  cause,  kc.  ;  as  "  He  and  his  brother 
reside  in  London  •/'  '*•  I  will  gp  if  he  will  accom- 
pany me;"  ^''You  are  happy  hp.cause  you  are  good."* 

Ihe  Conjunction  Disjunctive  serves,  not  onl)  to 
connect  and  continiup  the  sentence,  but  also  to  ex- 
press opposition  of  meaning  In  dllTerent  degrees  ;  as^ 
••'  Though  he  was  freqnerrtly  reproved,  yet  he  dii 
not  rctbrn-i ;"  ^'  They  came  with  her,  but  vfc^^ 
^waj  without  her.**' 


SYNTIJC. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  conjunc* 
tions  : 

The  Cvpx/JaiivE. — And,  that,  both,  for,  therefore, 
if,  then,  siiir",  because,  whtrefore. 

The  DisjiLnciive, — But^than,  though,  either,  or, 
as,  unless,  ueilher,  nor,  leat,  yet,  notwithstanding. 
INTf.RJECTIOiN. 

Interjections  are  words  thrown  in  between  the 
parte  of  a  sentence,  to  express  the  passion  or  emo- 
tions of  the  ^)eakfcr  ;  as,  -^  O  !  1  have  alienated 
mj  friend  ;  Alas  !  I  tea;  for  life  -,'"*  ^^  O  virtue,  how 
amlablt  thou  a:t  !^^ 

1  he  f^iowin'j  are  some  of  the  Interjections  : 

O!  pish  I  kei^h:  lo  !  b&hold!  ah  I  tush!  fie.' 
hush  !  hail  l 

OF  DERIVATION. 

Words  are  derived  from  one  another  in  various 
v/ays,  viz.  : — 

1.  8ut)st!i\itives  are  derived  from  verbs  :  as,  from 
'•  to  love,''  comes  '^  lover. '^ 

2.  Verbs  are  derived  iYom  substantives,  adjec- 
tives, and  sometimes  from  adverbs  t  as,  from  Salt,' 
comes  '  to  salt,'  from  '  warm,'  comes  '  to  v/arm,' 
from  '  forward,'  comes  '  to  forward.' 

3.  Adjectives  are  derived  from  substantive*  :  as, 
from  ''  hi.alth,'"'  comes  *'  kealthy." 

4.  Substantives  are  derived  from  adjectives:  as, 
from  "  white,"  comes  ''  whiteness." 

5.  Adverbs  are  derived  from  adjectives  ;  a^^froia 
^"  base,"  comes  "  basely." 

o<»<»o0(HK)OO0oo60^0*<»»— 

SYNTAX. 

The  third  part  of  Grammar  is  Sybttax,  which 
treats  of  the  agreement  and  construction  of  wordi 
in  a  sentence. 

A  sentence  is  an  assemblaope  of  words,  forming  a 
©omplete  sense 

Sentences  are  oCtwo  kinds,  Simple  and  Com- 
pound. 

A  simple  sentence  has  in  it  but  one  subject,  and 
one  finite  verb  ;  as,  *'  Life  Is  &hort." 


40  ENGLIsri  r*RAM5tAR. 

A  compound  sentence  contains  two  or  mcte 
simple  sentences,  joined  tog-ether  by  one  or  more 
connective  words ;  ai?,  "  Lffe  is  short,  ami  art  i^ 
lon-.-'V 

A  phrase  is  two  or  mors  words  rig:htly  put  to- 
gether, making: sometim«ss  part  of  a  sentence,  and 
sometttiieg  a  whole  sentence. 

The  principal  parts  of  a  simple  sentence  ars,  ths 
subject,  the  attribute,  and  the  object. 

•Ihe  enbject  is  the  thing-  chiefly  spoken  of;  the 
attribute  is  the  thing- or  action  affirmed,  or  denied 
of  it ;  and  the  object  is  the  thing;  affected  by  sugh 
action. 

The  nominative  denotes  the  subject,  and  usually 
goes  before  the  verb,  or  attribute  ;  and  the  word 
or  phrase  denoting  the  object,  follows  the  verb:  r?, 
*'  A  wise  man  governs  his  passions."  Here  a  wht 
Titan  is  the  subject ;  governs  the  attribute,  or  thing 
alRrracd ;  and  hu  passions^  the  objeet. 

Syntax  printipally  eon^sts  of  two  parts,  Con- 
cord and  Government. 

Concord  is   the  agreement  which  one  word  has  ~ 
with  another,  ing-ender,  number,  C/^.^e  or  person* 

Government  is  that  power  which  one  part  of 
*pce«h  has  over  another,  in  directing  its  mood, 
tense  or  c<xse,  ||||0^ 

nuT.E  r. 

A  verb  Wust  agree  with  its  nominative  case,  in 
number  and  person  ;  as,  '•'■  I  learn  ;''  "  Thou  art 
fenproved  ;"  "  The  bir<i«  sin;;.'" 

RLTLE    II. 

Two  or  more  nouns,  &c.  in  the  singular  number, 
ioined  together  b/one  or  mor^  copulative  con- 
^:{BCtions,  have  v^^rbs,  nouns,  and  pronouns  agree- 
ing wilh  thera  in  the  plural  number  ;  as,  "  Socrates 
and  Plato  ictre  wise  ;  ikey  were  the  most  emijient 
phliovoni^ers  of  Greece  ;''  "  The  sun  that  rolls 
over  O'jj*  h&^Lds,  the  food  that  we  receive,  the  rest 
thatv.'e  enjoy,  d?ti\y  admonish  us  of  a  superior  and 
superintemling  power.  '     ^ 

BFLE    III. 

The  conjunction  disjunctive  has  all  effect  ci5n- 


STiS'TAX.  41 

trary  to  that  of  tbe  ecu  junction  copulative ;  for 
as  the  verb,  noun,  or  pronoun  is  referred  to  the  pre- 
ceding terms  taken  separately,,  it  ixiust  be  in  the 
fiingUi'ar  number  ;  as,  *■'  Ignoia^vce  or  n 'gligence 
Afw  caueed  this  mistake;"  ^^  John,  oi  James,  or 
Joseph  intends  to  accompany  me."  ''*  There  is  ia 
many  itiinds,  neither  knowledge  nor  understand- 
ing^." 

RULE   iV, 

A  nbun  of  multitude,  or  signifying  many,  may 
have  a  verb  or  pronoun  ag^ree;:Tg;  witli  it,  either  of 
the  singular  or  plural  numbCi  yet  not  without  re?- 
gard  to  the  import  of  the  word,  as  conveying  uai- 
ty  or  plurality  of  idea  ;  as,  '''  The  meeting  uas 
Jarge  ;"  *'  The  Parlianirent  is  disi-olvcd  ;"  '^  The 
nation  is  powertul  *,"  "  My  people  do  not  consider; 
th^y  have  not  known  me  ;"  "  The  multitude  ea- 
gerly/>ur«ue  pleasure,  as  4hnr  chief  good  ;"  ''•  The 
co-uncil  «-6re  divided  in  their  sentiments." 

RULE   v. 

Pronouns  onnst  always  agree  with  their  antece- 
dents, and  the  nouns  for  which  they  stand,  in  gen- 
der and  number  ;  as,  "  This  is  the  friend  whom  I 
love  ;"  ''  That  is  the  vice  which  1  hate."  ''  The 
King  and  the  Queen  had  put  on  their  robes." — 
^  'Phe  moon  appears  and  sht,  shines,  but  the  light 
is  not  her  o-wti." 

The  relative  is  of  the  same  person  as  the  antecfy 
dent,  and  the  verb  agrees  with  it  accordingly  ;  as, 
'^  Thou  who  lovest  wisdom  ;"  ''  I  who  speak  from- 
experience." 

RCLE   VI. 

The  relative  is  the  nominative  case  to  the  verb, 
when  no  nominative  cdmes  between  it  and  the 
verb ;  as,  "  The  master  who  taught  us  ;"  *'•  Tho 
.trees  which  arc  planted." 

When  a  nominative  comes  between  the  relative 
and  the  v#rb,  the  relative  is  governed  by  some* 
word  in  its  own  member  of  the  sentence  ;  as,  *'He 
u<hi)  preseves  me,  to  uhom  I  owe  my  being,  whose 
I  am,  and  whom  I  serve,  is  eternal. 


42  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR, 

RULIC   VII. 

Wher>  the  reHtite  is  preceded  by  two  ndminn- 
lives  of  different  persons,  the  rel.ative  and  verb 
may  agree  in  person  with  either,  according*  to  the 
sense  ;  as,  ''^  I  ana  the  man  who  command  you,*"  or^ 
**  I  am  the  man  who  cnmm-ands  you." 
RULK  viiu 

"Every  adjective,  and  every  adjective  proiaoxin, 
belongs  to  a  srdi-stantive,  expref?sed  or  understood  ;. 
as,  ,'''  He  is  a  goody  as  vrell  as  a  toist  man  ;"  '^  Few 
k\:q  happy  ;^'>  that  is,  ^'-persons  ;"  '-'-This  is  a  pleas- 
ant walk  ;  that  is,  ^  This  walk  2>,'''  &c. 

Adjective  pronouns  must  aj^ree  in  number  with 
their  substantive  ;  as,  "  This  book,  these  book*, 
tliat  sort,  those  sorts  ;  another  road,  other  roads." 

Pct'LE   IX. 

The  article  n  or  an  a^^rees  with  nonns  in  the  ?in- 
gfular  ntunber  only,  individually  or  collectively'; 
as,  '-'•  A  Christian,  an  Infidel,  a  score,  a  thousand.*' 

71ie  defnuto  aVticle  ihe  may  agrea  vvith  nouns  in  • 
the  singukir  or  plnra.1  number;  us,  '•'•  the  garden, 
the  hQuscis,  the  stars." 

1  he  articles  are  often  properly  omittted  ;  when 
used,  they  should  be  justly  applied,  according-  to 
the  distinct  nature  ;  as,  "  Gold  is  corrupting  ;  ^the 
Sea  is  green;  a  lion  is  bold."" 

One  substantive  g^overns  another  signify in«f  h  dif* 
fereut  thing,  in  the  p0£s<\s£ive  or  genitive  ca^e  ;  n-, 
''  My  iather^s  house  ;"  '"  Man's  happhiCi^s  y''  ^-  "\  ^ 
Uiq''s  reward." 

HULE    XT. 

Active  verb?!  govern  the  objective  cas«r ;  a*. 
••^  Truth  ennoble:^  her  ;'''^  '^  She  comforts  wf  ," 
'•''  They  support  w^;"  '^  A'irtue  rewards  her  folio. 

-RVI.T.   XII. 

One  ver]»  govcrRS  another  that  follows  it,  or  de- 
pends upon  it,  in  the  infihitive  mood  ;  as,  *•*  Cease 
to  do  evil ;  Je?jn  fo  do  well  ;"  "We'«houldbe  p^^^ 

j;;'r!  :]    fo   -:  ,:(U  >    ^,i,   ;,r-r   :',j;'    o{   .M;r  actW»ns,'' 


8TNTAX.  4o» 

The  pr6position  to^  though generallr  used  before 
the  latter  verb,  is  sometimes  properly  omitted  ;  as, 
*'  I  beard  him  say  it ;""  instead  of  "  lo  say  it," 

RULE    XTII. 

In  the  tjse  of  words  and  phrase?,  which,  in  point 
of  time,  relate  to  each  other,  a  due  regard  to  that 
relation  should  be  observed.  Instead  of  saying, 
*'  The  Lord  hatk  given^  and  the  Lord  hatb  takea 
away  '/^  we  should  say  ;  "  The  Lord  gave^  and  the 
JaOtAhath  taken  away."  Instead  of  '^  I  rtineraher 
the  family  more  tlian  twenty  years  ;H  it  should  be, 
*'  I  havt  remembered  the  family  more  than  twenty 
years,''^ 

RULE   XIV. 

Participles   have  the   same  g-overnment  as  the 
Ttrbshave  ^rom  which  they  are    derived;  as,  "I 
am  weary  with  hearing  Jmn  ;"  '•  She  is  instructing 
us  ;"  ''  The  tutor  is  admonishing  Charles,'^'* 
RULE  :s:v. 

Adverbs^  though  they  have  no  governmeftt  of 
case,  tense,  k,c.  require  an  appropriate  situation  in 
the  sentence,  viz.  for  the  most  part  before  adjec- 
tives, after  verbs  active  or  neuter,  and  frequently 
between  the  auxiliary  and  the  verb ;  as,  '^  He 
made, a  I'eri/ je/wiZ^^e  discourse  ;  he  spike  unafftcl- 
edly  ^nd  forcibly  ;  and  was  aUentively  heard  by  thft 
whole  assembly." 

RULK   XVI. 

Two  negatives  iii  English,  destroy  one  another, 
or  are  equivalent  to  an  affirmative  ;  as,  '^  Aor  did 
t]v;y  not  perceive  hi'n  ;"  that  is,  ^'  they  did  pei- 
Ci  ive  him."  "  His  language,  though  inelegant,  is 
not  ungramraatical  ;"  that  is,  '^  it  is  grammatical." 
RULJ3  xvir. 

Prepa«itions  govern  the.  objective  case  ;  as,  "  T 
hnre  he^rd  a  good  character  of  htr ;"  '<•  From  him 
that  is  needy  turn  not  away;"  "A  word  to  the 
wiio  is  sufficient  for  thim  ;"  "  We  may  be  good 
and  happy,  without  riches.^'' 

RULF.   XVIII. 

Conjunctions  connect  the  same  moods  and  te  ns- 
s  of  verbs,  and  cases  of  nouns  and  pronouos;  a«. 


44  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR, 

^•Candor  is  to  hi  approved  and  practised  ;''\^^  U 
ihou  sincerely  rfejzVe  and  e^nioetly  jiursue  virtue^ 
,she  wni  a5sure<ily  be  found  by  thee,  and  prove  a 
rich  re-ward  ;^'  '<-  The  master  taught  her  and  me  to 
write  ;''  ''  He  and  she  were  school-fellows.'' 

RULE    XIX. 

Some  conjunctions  require  the  indicative,  some 
the  subjunctive  mood  after  them.  It  is  a  general 
rule,  that,  when  somethiug-  contingent  or  doubtful 
is  implied,  the  Kubjunctiv&  ong-ht  to  be  used  ;  as, 
^'-  If  I  were  to  write,  he  would  not  regard  it ;"  ''he 
will  not  be  pardoned,  unhss  he  repeiit.'''^ 

Conjunctions  that  are  of  a  positive  and  absolute 
la^iture,  require  the  indicative  mood.  '-'-  As  virtue 
itdvanct^  so  vice  recedes  ,•"  ''  He  is  healthy  because. 
he  is  temperate.'" 

RFLE   XX. 

When  the  qualities  of  difierent  things  are  com- 
j>ared,  the  latter  noun  or  pronoun  is  not  governed 
hy  the  conjunction  than  or  a.?,  but  agrees  with  the 
verb,  or  is  governed  by  the  verb  or  the  preposition, 
♦expressed  or  understood;  as,  ''Thow  art  wiser 
than  I  ;"  that  is,  '^  than  I  am.""  "  They  loved 
him  more  than  rae  ;''  i.  e.  "  more  than  they  loved 
me  ;''  "  The  sentiment  is  well  expressed  by  Plato, 
but  much  better  by  Solomon  than  him  ;*"  tliat  is, 
'*  than  by  him." 

RULE   XXI. 

To  avoid  disagreeable  repetitions,  and  to  ex- 
press our  ideas  in  a  few  words,  an  elipses,  or  omis- 
sion of  some  words,  is  frequently  admitted.  In- 
stead of  saying,  '*•  lie  was  a  learned  man,  he  was 
a  wise  man,  and  he  was  a  good  man  ;*'  we  use  the 
elip&es,  and  saj',  *■'  he  was  a  learned,  wise  aud 
good  man." 

When  the  omission  of  words  would  obscure  the 
sentence,  weaken  its  force,  or  be  attended  with  an 
impropriety,  they  must  be  expressed.  In  the  sen- 
tence, ''We  are  apt  to  love  who  love  us,"  the 
word  them  should  be  supplied.  "  A  beautiful  field 
tjtnd  trees,"  is  not  proper  laiiguagc.     \X  should  b^-. 


STITTAX.  45 

*i  Ikautifiil  fields  and  trees,^'  or,  "  A  beautiful 
field,  and  fine  trtes." 

RULE   XXII. 

All  the  parts  of  a  sentence  should  correspond  to 
each  other  ;  a  regular  and  dependant  construction 
throughout  should  be  carefully  preserved,  /fbe 
following  sentence  is  therefore  inaccurate  ;  !''•  He 
was  more  beloved,  but  not  so  much  admired,  as 
Cinthio,*"  More  requires  tha7i  after  it,  which  is  no 
where  foun<:  in  tha  sentence.  It  should  be,  '•^  lie 
was  more  beloved  thanCinthio,  but  not  so  much 
admired." 


PROSODY.      ' 
Prosody  consists   of  two   parts  ;    the  former 
teaches  the  true  pronun«iati0n  of  wends,  coajpris- 

iv.g    ACCENT,    aUANTlTY,    EJIFHASIS,    PAl^ll,    ai|(J 

TONE,  and  the  latter  the  laws  of  vj^rsifioation. 
ACCENT. 

Accent  is  the  laying  of  peculiar  stress  of  the 
voice,  on  a  certain  letter  or  syllable  in  a  ^ord, 
that  it  may  be  better  heard  than  the  rest,  or  distin- 
^ished  from  them  ;  as  in  the  word  iirpsumf^^  ihe 
stress  of  th«  voice  ibust.  6e  on  the  letter  ii^  and  sec- 
ond syllable,  turne^  v/hichtake  the  accent. 
QUANTITY. 

The  quantify  of  a  syllable  is  that  v/hich  is  ©ccu- 
pied  in  pronouncing  it.  It  is  considered  as  long  or 
short. 

A  vowel  or  syllable  is  long-,  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  vowel;  which  occasions  it  to  be  slower 
joined  in  pronunciation,  to  tlie  following  letter  ;  as, 
*'  Fall,  bTile,  miod,  h'ouse,  feature." 

A  syllable  is  short,  when  the.  accent  is  *m  the 
consouant ;  which  occasions  the  vowel  to  be  quick- 
ly joined  to  the  succeeding  letter;  a«,  '^  an't, 
"bonn'et,  hmi'gci*.'"       /^     ^ 

A  Ions:  syllable  requires'  double  the  time  of  a 
short  oiie  in  pronouncing  it ;  thus,  '•'•  Mate"  and 
*'  note'''  should  bo  pronounced  *£  slowly  again  as 
mate'Vand  "not.''*    ' 


46  ENGLISH  €RAM3IAR. 

EMPHASIS. 

By  emphasis  ismeaat  a  stronger  and  fuller  sound 
of  voic^,  b^  which  we  disting-nish  some  word  or 
words  on  which  we  desi^rn  to  lay  particular  stress, 
and  to  show  how  it  affects  the  rest  of  the  sentence. 
Sometimes  the  emphatic  words  must  be  distinguish- 
ed by  a  particular  tone  of  roice,  as  well  as  by  a 
greater  stress. 

PAUSES. 

Pauses  01*  rests,  in  speaking  or  reading,  are  a  to- 
tal cessation   of  the   voice,  during:  a   perc-eptible, 
and,  in  many  cases,  a  measurable  space  of  time. 
TONES. 

Tones  are  dirferent  both  from  emphasis  and  pau- 
ses ;  consisting-  in  thL'  modulation  of  the  voice,  the 
notes  or  variations  of  sound  which  we  employ,  in 
the  exjJtession  of  our  sentiments. 
VERSIF1CAT10N. 

Versification  is  the  arrang-emeiit  of  a  certain 
number  and  variety  of  syllables,  according^  to  cer- 
tain laws. 

Rhyme  is  the  correspondence  of  the  last  sound 
of  one  verse,  to  the  last  sound  or  syllable  of  an- 
other. 

PUNCTUATION 

li  the  art  of  dividing  a  written  composition  into 
sentences,  or  parts  of  sentences,  by  points  or  stops, 
for  the  purpose  of  marking  the  different  pauses, 
which  the  sense  and  an  accurate  pronunciation 
require. 

The  Comma  represents  the  shortest  pause  ;  the 
Semicolon,  a  pause  double  that  of  the  con^ma  ; 
the  Colon  double  that  of  the  semicolon  ;  and  the 
Period  double  that  of  the  colon. 

The  points  are  marked  in  the  following  manner?: 
The  Comma  ,  The  Colon  : 

The  Semicolon  ;  The  Period  . 

COMMA. 

The  comma  usually  separa.tes  those  parts  of  a 
sentence,  which  though  very  closely  connected  in 
Eense,  require  a  pause  betweeji  them  :    as,  I  re- 


PCXCTUATIOIf.  47 

member,   with  gratitude,  his  love   and  serTicea." 
**  Charles  i:.  beloved,  esteemed,  and  respected.'^ 

SEMICOLON". 

The  Semicolon  is  used  for  dividing  a. compound 
sentence  iuto  two  or  more  parts,  not  so  closely  con- 
nected as  those  which  are  separated  by  a  comma, 
nor  yet  so  little  dependant  on  each  other,  as  those 
which  are  distinguithed  by  a  colon:  as,  *' Straws 
swiin  on  the  Surface  ;  but  pearls  lie  at  the  bottom.'? 
COLON. 

The  Colon  is  used  to  divide  a  sentence  into  two 
or  more  parts,  less  connected  than  those  which  are 
separated  by  a  semicolon  ;  but  not  so  independent 
as  separate,  distinct  sentences  :  as,  "  Do  not  flat- 
ter yourselves  with  the  hope  of  .perfect  happiness : 
there  is  no  such  thin^  in  the  world.'* 
TBRIOD. 

When  a  sentence  is  complete  and  independent, 
and  not  connected  in  construction  with  the  follow- 
in*  sentence,  it  is  marked  with  a  period  :  as,  '^Fear 
God.  Honour  the  King".  Have  charity  towards 
all  men," 


Besides  the  points  which  mark  the  pauses  in  dis- 
course, there  are  others  that  denote  a  dillerent 
modulation  of  voice,  in  correspondence  to  the 
sense.     These  are. 

The  Interrogative  point,  ? 
The  Exclamation  point,  ! 
The  Parenthesis,  () 
a?,  "  Are  you  sincere  ?" 

"  How  excellent  is  a  grateful  heart !" 
"  Know  then  this  trutli  (enough  for  man  to  know,) 
''  Virtue  alone  is  happiness  below.'* 

The  following  characters  are  also  frequently 
used  in  composition. 

An  Apostrophe,  marked  thus  '  :  as,  "  tho% 
judged." 

am 

A  Caret,  marked  thus,  a  :'  as,  ^'  I       diligeut.'' 

A 


48  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

A  Hyphen,  which  is  thus  marked-'  as,  "Lap* 
do^,  to-morrow.'*' 

Tlie  Acute  Accent,  marked  thus'  :  as,  "Fan'cy.'" 
The  Grave  Accent,  thus'  :  as,  '' Fa'vour.'" 

The  proper  mark  to  distinguish  a  long  syllable  is 
this  :  a«,  "  RTjsy :"  and  a  short  one  this^  a  as 
"  F  c  lly.""     The  last  ia  called  a  Breve. 

A  Ditcresis,  thus  marked  '* ,  shows  that  two  vow- 
els form  separate  syllables  ;  as,  "  Creator." 

A  Section  is  thus  marked  $ 

A  Paragia^h,  thus  1" 

A  Quotation  has  two  inverted  commas  at  the 
feegiriiiini^,  and  two  direct  ones  at  the  en«l  of  a 
phrase  or  passage  :  as, 

''■The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  man.*" 

Crotchets  or  Brackets  serve  to  inclose  a  particu- 
lar word  or  sentence.     They  are  marked  thus  []- 

An  Index,  or  Hand  (t^J^  points  out  a  remarkal)le 
passage. 

A  Brace       >  unites  three  poetical  lines  ; 

or  connects  a  number  of  words,  in  prose,  with  one 
common  term. 

An  Asterisk,  or  little  star  *  directs-  the  reader  ta 
eome  note  in  the  margin. 

An  Ellipsis  is  thus  marked  — ' — :  as,  "  K g,'' 

for  King. 

An  Obelisk,  which  is  marked  thus  t,  and  Paral- 
lels thus  11,  t*)gether  with  the  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet, and  figures,  are  used  as  references  to  tKe 
margi.:. 

CAPITALS. 
The  following  words  should  begin  w'ith  capitals. 
ist.  Thi;  first  word  of  every  book,   chapter  let- 
tc!^  paragraph,  &c. 

2d.    The  first  word  after  a  period,  and  frequent- 
ly after  the  notes  of  interrogation  and  cij.clamation. 
3d.  The   names  of  the  Deity:  as,   God,  Jeho- 
vaii,  the  Supreme  Being,  k.Q. 
4th.  Proper  names  of  persons,  jplaces,  ships,  kci 


APPENDIX.  49 

5tb.  Adjectives  derived  from  the  proper  names 
of  places  ;  as,  Grecian,  Roii»aii,  Ens^lish.  Sec. 

6tli.  The  lirst  word  of  an  example,  an  J  of  a  quo- 
tatioii  in  a  dirtct  form  ;  as,  ^^  Always  r^mtmber 
this  ancient  maxim  ;  ''•  Snow  thyself."'  *'' 

7th.  The  firfct  word  of  every  line  of  poetry. 

8th.  The  pronoun  /,  and  the  interjection  O. 

9th.  A\  ords  of  particular  importance' ;  as,  the 
Reformation,  the  Restoration,  tlie  Revolution. 

^-vw  OooooX.'O  :XoQoc  0  w^-w 
COKTAINING 

EXERCISES  lA  ORTHOGRAPHY, 

in  Parsing.^  in  Syntax^  and  in  Punciuation, 


PART  I. 
EXERCISES  m  ORTHOGRAPHY,^ 

A  sprig:  of  mirtle  The  rortigal  melon 

The  iilly  of  the  vally  Duch  Currans 

A  border  of  daysies  Red  and  Vvhite  ra sherries 

A  bed  of  vileta  The  prickley  coucumbec 

The  AfTrican  marygold  Red  and  piirpe  1  redishes 

The  varigated  jeianiuin  Rioally  i-otatos 

Newin^ton  peeches  Earley  Duch  turneps 

Italian  nectarins  Late  colliflt)wers 

Turky  apricocks  Dwarf  Cabages 

The  Orleensplum  A  bauthorn  hed;^e 

A  plait  of  sallet  A  fine  sprcddir^  oak 

A  dish  of  pees  A  weeppln^  willow 

Abunchof  sparra^rass  The  gras  is  gruen 

A  mess  of  splnnage  Saffron  is  ^-alluw 

*The  erroneous  spelling  is  to  be  rectiHed  by  Dr. 
Johnson's  JJiclianaiy.  lor  the  propriety  of  exhib- 
iting erroneous  Exercises  in  Orthography,  see  the 
Advertisement  to  the  ElevenCh  edition  of  the  Eng- 
lith  Exercisea. 

E 


50 


ENGLiy&  GRAMDfARiL 


A  plum  ptKlding" 
A  rich  cheaaccake 
A  beef  stake 
A  inuttoii  chop 
A  sl>o^'Ider  o(  lam 
A  iillet  o^'  vccl 
A  haiich  of  Viineson 
A  cup  of  choccolate 
A  ba.'Ou  of  soop 
Coalcheste,r  uisters 
Phessauts  and  pattriges 
A  red  htrrin 
A  Vdv^ii  iobstor 
Saniinon  is  a  finer  firh 

than  turbot,  pertch 

or  liaddick 
Lishon  orring-eg 
.Spannish  chessnuts 
A  beach  tree 
A  burch  tree 
A  flour  g-ardin 
A  fcald'  of  rie 
The  wlieet  hariifiat 
A  blf  w  sKy 
A  lov]y  day 
A  beutiful  5"-'nr 
A  spleundid  pallace 
A  chea:riul  countenance 
An  antient  castel 
A  slrate  line 
A  (iisagreeable   journy 
Vv'iUlnll  errour 
Blameable  conduct 
.Sincere  repetitence 
Laudible  pursuits 
Good  behaviour 
Ke»-uh-r  vissit 
Artifitial  flowers 
Chrystal  streeoiS 
Murmerrn^  winds 
Tranquil  1  retrt^et 


Vmigar  is  sowr 

Shugar  is  sweet  * 

A  pair  of  scizzars 

A  siver  bodken 

A  sroaii  pennknifa 

t lack-lead  pcinsils 

J^avens^  quils 

A  box  of  waifer« 

Sefdiiig  wax 

'live  pint  of  a  sword 

luh^e  of  a  razer 

Tail  of  a  plow 

Gras  of  the  fields 

A  cloan  fiore 

An  arm  chare 

The  front  dore 

The  back  kitcheio' 

The  iittel  parlor 

A  tri'iidly  g-ift 

An  aflTectioKnate  parent 

A  datyful  child 

Obliging-  behaivoTir 

V/t'ilcome  messingfev 

ImproYeing  conversatioor^ 

Iiriportunate  beg:g:er 

Occasional  visitier 

I'.ncoura/rein^  look 

A  ?traig-ht  ^ate 

Skiiirull  horsemen- 

Fa.^'^orable  res'^ption 

£very  sc^ason  has  its  pe--- 

cuii<  v  beautys 
Ayoid  extreams 
JNerer  decieve 
Knowledg-e  inlarges  the 

mind 
To  acquire  it  is  a  grea^ 

privih  dge 
The  school  encreases 
Knqnire  before  ypu  rer 

solve 
W  e  ni  us  the  st  iid  e  o\\b 


I>XERCISES  IN  PARSINP.  tl 

Noizy  school  hjtermittent  feaver 

Surpriziog  atoray  |ie  not  afraid  to  do  what 

Spritely  discourse  is  right 

PraphaiK;  tales  Preserve  your  honet 
beveru  headake 


PART  U. 
EXERCISES  LY  PJiRSLYO. 

CHAP.  I. 

£jxrcises  in  Parsiyig  as  it  respects  Etymology  alone. 

SECTION  I. 

Efipnologicai  Parsing  TahU, 
What  part  of  speech  i 

1.  ^n^rtide.     What  kind?  Why? 

2.  Jl  Substiintive.  Common  or  proper?  What 
Gender?  Number?  Case?  Why? 

3.  Art  jidjcct'ive.  What  degree  of  comparison  ? 
To  what  does  it  belong-?  W  hy  an  adjective  ? 

4.  ^  Pronoun.  What  kind?  Ferboa?  Gender? 
Nucibor  ?  Cage  ?  Why  ? 

6.  A  Verb,  What  kind  ?  Mood  ?  Tense  ?  Nui?i- 
ber  ?  Person  ?  Why  ?  If  a  participle,  W  hy  ?  Ac- 
tive or  passive  ? 

6-  An  Advmif.     Why  is  it  an  Adverb  ? 

*7.  A  PrftposUion,     Why  a  pi-epobitioj^  i 

^.  A  Conjunction.     Why  ? 

'^.  An  iyitcrJtUiun.     Why? 

f^ECT.  II. 
Specimen  of  Etymological  Parsing, 
Hope  anirjiates  us. 
Hopt  li  a  common  substantive  of  the  third  per- 
son, iu   the   singular  numbf-r,    and  the  nominative 
casfe.     (^Decline  the   mhstanhre,)     Animate.^  is  a 
regular  verb  activf ,  indicative  momi,  present  tense, 
third  person  sin^ilar,     i^Repmt  the   prf-stnt   tcnjtc,^ 
the  imperfect  tenae^  and  the  perfect  participle  ;   and 
*Ofnelimcx  conJtJ^^aU    ih&  vertt  entirely^)     CVis  4i 


62  KK-ftLlSH  GJlAMMAR. 

personal  pronoun,  first  person  plural,  and  in  the 
objcciivc  case.     {Declm^  the  Fronoim,) 

A  peacefnl  mind  i.s  vir(ae\s  rcvrard. 
m^  is  the  iu'lfihiitc  article.  Peaceful  is  an  acijec- 
livc.  (^Ilcpeaf  iht  d-'^rcts  of  coi.^parismiS)  Mind 
is  a  co.nr;n-i;  ul '^aii  j\  e,  of  the  third  person,  in 
the  sit.gular  numbei,  and  the  nominative  case. — 
(^Df^me  the  sv.bstcmJirt.')  Is  is  an  irregular  verb 
neDtir.  indicative  ynocd,  present  tense,  and  the 
third  person  ?i.-^c:aiar.  {B.^/ptoi  the  prurient  tenst^ 
iheirnparftct  iimst^  and  iht  partioiph ;  and  ecca- 
aionaily  corijuiiate  the  verb  entirtly.')  Vutut^s  a 
cotnmon  sui>vtantive,  of  the  third  pvrFon  in  the  sin- 
gnlar  number,  and  the  pos^^espive  case.  {Decline 
the  subHaniiveS)  Reward  is  a  common  sijbstantive^ 
of  rtie  third  person,  in  the  singular  number,  and 
the  nominative  case. 


SECT 

Arlicle  and 


A  bush 

A  trt;e 

A  flower 

An  apple 

An  oran^-e 

An  ahno nd 

A  hood 

A  house 

A  hunter 

An  hour 

An  honour 

An  hostler 

Thr  garden 

The  fields 

The  rainbow 

The  clouds 

The  schelar''s  duty 

The  horizon 

Virtue 

Tb(   vices 

Temperance 


.  in. 

SubsfanHve. 

A  variety 

0.'..-e 

l^ht  i'hine 

A  Grammar 

Malhiimatics 

The  vlemeuts 

An  t-aril^c^uake 

1  he  Kin^^s  prerOgatiTe 

A  'ijiince 

Arivuist 

The  Humher 

Greg  jry 

The  pope 

An  abbess 

An  owl      . 

A  buildings 

'Ihe  ■■rrocer''s  Co. 

FAirope 

The  sciences 

Yorh:?liire 

The  planc*3 


ESERCISEJ 


The  sun 

A  volume 

Varchmi^nt     ' 

The  pens 

A  disposition 

BfAuvolence 

An  oTcrsight 

A  dcsio^n 

The  g^overness  < 

An  orrarrieut 

The  giiTg  school 

Depravity 

The  constitution 

The  laws 

Beauty 

A  consumption 

Africa 

The  continent 

Roundness 

A  declivity 

BlackuMs 

An  inclination 

The  undertakings 


IN  PARSJKG. 

Teij  elope 

CoriBtaucy 

An  enttjrtainnient 

A  iVver 

The  stars 

A  c<)mct 

A  D)iracie 

A  prophecy 

An  Uevation 

The  conqui^ior 

An  AlcKander 

AV  isdoni 

America 

The  Thaiiica 
A  river 
The  shadows 
A  vacancy 
Ihe  hoihnv 
An  idea 
A  -Wiii'ji 
fcami  thii!^ 
JSolhii):;- 


5S 


SKCT.   XV. 


Arlicie^  Adjective, 
A  good  licart 
A  wise  hea<i 
A  strong  body 
Shady  U'ees 
The  iVaj^ant fi|»wer 
The  verdant  fields 
A  peaceful  mind 
Conjposed  thoughts 
.  A  serene  aspect 
An  affable  deportment 
The  whistling  winds 
A  boi.^erous  sea 
The  howling-  tempest 
A  gloomy  cavern        " 
Kiipid  iitrtaias 

E2 


,  and  SuhsfaniiT( . 
An  obec'.iei^t  son 
A  dilio(.:;t  scholar 
A  l"*appy  parent 
The  candid.reasoner 
lair  pri>posals 
A  miituai  agreement 
A  pliiiii  narrative 
An  hist'Tieai  iiction 
IJtIenlk'Ss  war 
Anobdr.iate  hl'ai't 
Tempestuous  {•)a?sjuu3 
J^  lemi)ir  unbnppy 
A  sensual  un^nd 
Tiic;  babbling  brook 
A  iiuijud  sU\u:u 


54 


ENGLISH   GRASirffAR. 


t/nwhelesorae  dews 
A  severe  winter 
A  useless  drone 
The  iodastrious  bees 
Harmless  doves 
Th'^  careless  ostrfch 
The  dutiful  stork 
The  spacious  firmament 
Cooling  bretzcs 
A  woman  amiable 
A  dig-nified  character 
A  pleasing-  address 
An  open  ©otintenance 
A  convenient  mansioa 
Warm  clothing 
A  temperate  clima»te 
Wholesome  aliment 
An  aiTectionate  parent 
A  free  government 
The  dilig-ent  farmer 
A  fruitful  field 
The  crowning  harvest 
A  virtuous  conflict 
A  final  reward 
Peaceful  abodes 
The  noblest  prospect 
A  profligate  life 
A  miserable  (.nd 
Gloomy  regrons 
An  incomprehensible 

subject 
A  controverted  point 
The  cool  sequestered 

rale 


The  deviotiswS-lk 
A  winding  canal 
The  sf.rpentine  river 
A  melancholy  fact 
An  interesting  history 
A  happier  life 
The    woodbine^s   fra- 
grance 
A  cheering  prospect 
An  hi^rmonious  sound 
Fruit  delicious 
The  sweetest  incense 
An  odorous  garden 
The  sensitive  plant 
A  garden  enclosed 
The  ivy  mantled  tower 
Virtue's  fair  form 
A  mahogany  table 
Sweet-scented  myrtle 
A  printing-office 
A  resolution  wise,  noble 

disinterested 
Consolation's  lenient 

hand 
A,  better  world 
A  cheerful,  good  old  man 
A  silver  tea-urn 
Tender-lookingicharity 
My  brother's  wife's 

mother 
A  book  of  my  friend's 
An  animating  well-foun- 
ded hope 


ProTVOun,  and  Ve.rh^  Stc, 
1  am  sincere  He  assisted  me 

Thou  art  industrious  You  encourage  ui 

He  is  disinterested  They  commend  hf^ 

Thou  dost  improve  Let  him  consider        ^ 


EXERCISES  IN  rARSlNG. 


£■:- 


"VVc  completed  our  jour- 
ney 
Our  hopes  did  flatter  us 
They  have  deceived  me 
Your  expectatioiji  has 

failed 
The  accident  had  hap- 
pened 
He  had  resigned  himself 
TheirJ'ears  will  detect 

tlu  m 
You  will  submit 
They  wiP  obey  us 
Goo'^  humor  shall  pre- 
vail 
^Vc  honour  them 
Let  us   improre  our- 
selves 
Know  yourselves 
Let  them  advance 
They  may  offend 
I  can  forgive 
He  might  surpass  them 
We  could  overtake  him 
I  woi^ld  he  happy 
Ye  should  rept^it 
He  may  have  deceived 

me 
They  may  have  forgotten 
Thou  mightst  have  im- 
proved 
"We  should  have  consid- 
ered 
To  see  the  sun  is  pleas- 
ant 
He  will  have  determined 
We  s-hall haie  agreed 
Let  me  depart 
Do  you  inslrnct  him 
Prepare  your  lessons 
From  Cling  others'  wel- 
fare-, they  advanced 


their  own  interest 
He  lives  respected 
Having  resigned!  his  of- 
fice, he  retired 
They  are  discouraged 
He  was  condemned 
We  have  been  rewarded 
She  had  been  admired 
Virtue  will  be  rewarded 
The   person   will    have 
been  executed,  when 
the  pardon  arrives 
Let  him  be  animated 
Be  you  entreated 
Let  them  be  prepared 
It  can  be  (enlarged 
You  may  be  discovered 
He  might  be  convinced 
It  would  be  caressed 
1  mav  have  been  decei- 
ved 
To  live  well  is  honorable 
To  have  coTiquered  him- 
self  was    his   highest 
praise 
They  might  Kave  been 

honoured 
To  be  trusted,  we  mu?t 

be  virtuous 
To  have  bf  en  admired, 

availi-d  him  little 
Ridiculed,  persecuted, 
despised,  he  maintain- 
ed his  principles 
Being  reviled,  v/e  blrss 
Having  been  deserted,he 

br'carre  discourr>i7ed 

The  sig:ht  being  new,  he 

startled  [led  him 

Thisunconth  figure  start- 

I  have  searched,  I  have 

found  it 


56 


EK'CLISH  GRAiUMAR. 


'Ihey  yeaxched  those 

room^i  ;  lit;  wa?g-One 
The  book  is  his ;  it  was 

pine 
Thh'se  are  yours,   those 

are  ours 
Ouffhcarts  are  decf'itful 
Your  conduct  D:set  their 

r.pprobatioa 
ISonv.  met  who  could 

avoid  it 
III!?  €stciem  is  my  honour 
Her  v/ork  dwes  her  credit 
Earh  must  answer  the 

question 
Every  heart  knows  its 

crsn  sorrows 
Which  was  his  choice  ? 


It  wn.5  i>efther 

Hers  is  finished,  thin* 

is  t )  do 
That  is  what  T  feared 
That  is  the  things  which 

I  desired 
Who  can  preserve  him- 
self? 
Whose  books  are  these  ? 
M  hom  have  we  served  * 
Some    are    neoi-lig^ent, 

others  industrious 
One  may  deceive  oae^f 

self 
All  have  a  talent  to  iia- 

prove 
Can  any  dispute  ft  ? 
Such  is  our  condition 


SECT.  VI. 

Mverh^  Preposition^  Conjuncfion^  and  Intcrjeclinn» 
I  have  seen  him  o»ce^       He  is  much  more  pro m^ 


perhaps  twice 
Thirdly   and   la&tly,  I 

shall  conclude 
'Ilie  taskis  already  per- 

fbrmtd 
'V>     .-  ^ '  i!  ]  ,1  n ot  s e  r ve  h  i  rn 

ih^n,.    I>ut    we  will 

hereafter 
This  plant  is  found  here 

and  elsewhere 
Ohly  to-day  is  properly 

ours 
They  travelled  throu;^h 


isiiig    flow  than   ibr- 
merly 
We  are  wisely  and  hap- 
pily directed 
He  has  certainly  been 
diligent,  and  he  will 
probably  succeed 
How  sweetly  the  birdi 

sing  I 
Why  art  thou  s6 heed- 
less ? 
He  is  little  attentive,nayy 
absolutely  stupid 
France,    in  haste,  to-    "NVhen  will  they  arrive? 
waids  Italy  Where  shall  we  stop? 

From  virtue  to  vice,  the     Mentally  and  bodily,  we 
progreas  is  gradual  are  juriously  and  won- 

We  often  resolve,  but  rierfully  formetf 

stldom  perloria  "We  in  vain  lookTor  a 


EXERCISIIS  IX  rARSIN((J 


path  between  virtue 
and  vice 

H«  liv«3  within  bis  in- 
come 

The  house  wa?  sold  at 
a  great  price,  and  a- 
bQve  its  valne 

She   came  down  stairs 
slowly,    but   went 
briskly  up  a^ain 

By  diligence  and  frugal- 
ity we  arrive  at  com- 
petency 

TVe  are  often  below  our 
wishes,    and    above 
our  d<^sert 

Some  things  make  for 
him,  others  ag^ainet 
him 

33y  this  iraprudence.  he 
was  plune^ed  into  new 
difficulties 

Without  the  aid  of  cljar 
ity,  he  supported  him- 
self with  credit 

Of   his    talents  much 
mig-ht  be  said  ;  con- 
cerning his  i  itegrity, 
nothing 

On  all  occasions  she  be- 
haved wilh  propriety 

We  ought  to  b«  thank- 
ful, for  we  have  re- 
ceived much 

Though  he  is  often  ad- 
vised, yet  he  does  not 
TV  lurm 

Ref>ro()f  either  softens  or 
hardens  its  object 

His  laihtr  and  mother 
and  uncle,  reside  at 
P».om.e 


S)7 

We  niustbe   temperate, 
if  we  "would  be  healthy 

He  is  as  old  as  his  class- 
mate,   but    not    so 
learned 

Charles  is  esteemed,  be- 
cause he  is  both  dis- 
creet and  benevolent 

We  will  stay  till  he  ar- 
rives 

He  retires  to  rest  soon, 
that  he  may  rise  early 

She  will  transgress,  un- 
less she  be  admonished 

If  he  were  encouraged, 
he  would  amend 

Though  he  condemn  me, 
I  will  respect  him 

Their  talents  are  mor« 
brilliant  than  useful 

Notwithstanding  his  pov- 
erty, h«  is  a  wise  and 
worthy  person 

If  ©ur  desires  are  m.oder- 
ate^our  wants  wiGb« 
few 

Neither  prosperity,  nor 
adversity,  Ikis  impro- 
ved him 

He  can  acquire  no  vir- 
tue, Ui^less  he  make 
some  sacrifices 

Let  him  that  standeth, 
tJake  heed  lest  he  fall 

If  thou  wert  his  superi- 
or, thou  shouldst  not 
have  boasted 

He  vnW   be   detected, 
though  he  deny  the  fact 

If  he  has  promised, 
he  should  act  ac- 
cordingly 


O,  peace  !  how  d».irable^Hope  often  'amuses,  but 
•  art  th.^>u  !  e^eldom  satisfies  us 

I  have  been  oftea  occu-     Though  he  is  lively,  yat 

pied,  alas  1  with  trifJes       ht^  is  not  volatile 
i^trangi^ !  that  we  should  Hail,  siiiiplicity  !  source 

be  so  ijiratuat«?d  of  i>'euuiue  joy 

O  I  the  humiliati't^ns  to     Behold  I  how  pleasant  it 

which  vice  red  tic  s  us        is  for  br<  threii  to  4weli 
Hark  I  haw -iwe.'tly  the        to'^^Lii' r  ^p  unity 

■\^  oodJaii:  L>!ii;;^si  WrlcAano  again  1     my 

Ih  I    the   df iubloiis  of  long  lo^i  fi-ieiid 

hoj>e 


%^  ftu*  instancu  vf  the  same  vorrfs  constitutwg 
several  of  Uie  parts  of  speech, 
Cnlm  was  the  day,  and     i3oft  bodies  damp  the 

the  siceiic  ielightfiil  sound  much  move  than 

V*e  may  expect  a  calm       hard  orxes 

after  a  storm  Though  she   is  rich  and  ■ 

To  prevent  passion,   is         fair,   yet   she   is  uot 

tasier  than  to  oalm  i^         amiablti 
Bfett^'/r  U   a   little   with     They  are  yet  3roun^,an(i 

content,  than  a  ^reat         must    suspend    thtdr 

deal  with  anxiety  j'  .dgnaent  yet  a  while 

The  gay  and   dissojute-     Mftny  persons  are.  better 

thieik  little  of  the  mis^        than  'v.  n   appose  them, 

tries,  which  af e  steal-         to  be 

ing  softly  after  them       The  few  and  the  many 
A  little  attent>m  wiU  have  their  prtposses- 

rectify  some  errors  sions 

Though  he  is  out  of  dan-  Few  days  pass  without 

ger,  he   is  still  afraid         some  clouds 
He  laboured  to  still  the     Much    moaey    is  cor- 

tumult  nipting- 

5till  waters  are  common-  Thiak  mach,  and  speak 

ly  deepest  [som«i       little 

l>amp  air  is  uuwhole-       He  iiae  seen  much  of  the 
duiit  often  casts  a  damp       world,  and  been  much 

over  our  sprig-htliest        careafsed 

hours  ^  His  years  are  more  than 


EXEltCISES  fx  1»A113I2?<!*  69 

hers  ;  but  he  has  not  He  may  go  or  stay  as  he 

more  kuowleds;;e  likes 

iThe  more  -we  are  bless-  Thty  strive  to  learn 

sed,  the  more  grateful  He  goes  to  and  fro 

we  should  be  To  his  wisdom  we   owe 

The    desire    of   ^ettin^  QurpriTile^e 

more  is  rarely  catisfied  The   proportion   is   ten 

He  has  equal  knowledge  to  one 

but  inferior  judg-ment  He  served  th.em  with  his 

She    ia    his    inferior   in  utmost  ability 

sense  ;  but  his  equal  "V\hen  we  do  our  utmost, 

in  prudence  no  more  is  required 

"VVe  must   make  a  l.iko  I  will  submit,  ftjr  submit- 

space  between  the  liti«  sion  brings  peace 

Both    of  them   deserve  It  is  for  our  health  to  be 

(praise  temperate 

tLverj  being:  lovps  its  like  O  !  for  better  times 

Behave  yourselves  like  I  have  a  regard  for  him 

men  H^-,  is  esteemtd  both  on 

T\'e  are  too  apt  to  like  his  own  accoui^t,  and 

pernicious  company  on  that  «f  Vus  parents 


SECT,  virr. 


Xouns^  Adjcdirp.s  and  Vtrhs^  io  be  dedined^  com^ 
jmred^  and  conjugale-d. 

Write  in  tlie  nominative  case  plural,  the  follow- 
•^ngBouns:  apple,  plum,  orange,  bu^h,  tree,  plant^ 
Convenience,  di&order,  novice,  beginning-,  defeat, 
protuberance. 

Write  the  following  sub«tantivec,  in  the  nomina- 
tive case  plural :  cry,  fly,  ch(  rry,  fancy,  glory,  du- 
-ty,  boy,  folly,  play,  lily,  toy,  convcnieocy. 

Write  the  following  nouns  In  the  pos«es^ive  crfc 
singular :  boy,  Sfirl,  man,woniah,  lake,  -sea,  church, 
lass,  beauty,  sirtcr,  bee. 

Write  tlie  following  in  the  nominative  caj'e  plu- 
ral: Irtav  she^f,  self,  muff,  knife,  stuff,  wife,  staffs 
•wolf,  hulf,  calf,  shelt,  life. 

.Write  the  following  in  the  genltlA^e  case  plnral  :. 
brother,  clVild,  msLU,  woman,  foul,  tooth,  ox  mouse, 
"poose,  penny. 


to  EXGLISrf   t;llAM22AR. 

Write  the  following:  nouns  in  the  nominative  and 
possessive  cases  plural :  wife,  chief,  die,  staff,  city^ 
river,  proof,  archer,  master,  crutch,  tooth,  mouth, 
taker,  distaff. 

Write  the  possessive,  sinjs^ular  and  plural  of  the 
pronouns,  I,  thou,  "he,  she,  it,  who,  aud  other. 

Write  the  objective  cases,  sing-ular  and  plural  of 
the  pronouns,  1,  thou,  he,  she,  it  and  who. 

Compare  the  following  adjectives:  fair,  grave, 
brigfht,  long-,  short,  tall,  while,  deeip^  strong,  poor, 
rich,g:reat. 

Compare  the  following  adjectives:  amiable,  mod- 
erate, disinterested,  favourable,  grateful,  studious, 
attentive,  negligent,  industrious,  perplexing. 

Write  the  following  adjectives  ia  the  comparative 
degree  ^^1  ear,  far,  little,  low,good,  indifferent,  bad, 
worthy,  convenient. 

Write  the  following  adjectives  in  tlie  superlative 
degree  :  feeble,  bolol^  good  ardent,  cold,  bad,  base, 
little,  strong,  late,  near,  content. 

Conjugate  the  following  verbs  in  the  indicative 
mood,  present  teiise  :  beat,  gain,  read,  eat,  walk, 
desire,  interpose. 

Conjugate  the  following  verbs  in  the  potentiiJ 
mood,  imperfect  tense  :  fear,  hopa,  (iream,  5y,  con- 
sent, improve,  controvert. 

Conjugate  the  following  ver'fes  in  the  subjunctive 
mood,  ptrfect  tense  :  drive,  preparo,  starve,  oaiit, 
indulge,  demonstrate. 

Conjugate?  the  following  verbs  in  the  imperative 
mood  :  believe,  depart,  invent,  give,  abolish,  con- 
trive. 

Write  the  following  verbs  in  the  infinitive  mood, 
present  and  perfect  tenses  :  grow,  decrease,  lire, 
prosper,  separate,  incommode. 

Write  the  present,  perfect  and  compound  partici- 
ples of  the  following  verbs :  confess,  disturb,  please, 
know,  begin,  sit,  set,  eat,  lie. 

Conjugate  the  following  verbs,  in  the  indicative 
mood,  present  and  perfect  tenses  of  the  passive 
voice  :  honour,  abase,  amuse,  slight,  enlighten,  dis- 
please, envelope,  bereave. 


KXERCISES  Ilf  PARSING.  &| 

€^ODJu*ate  the  follow ingf  verbs,  in  the  indicative 
mood,  pluperfect  and  fiist  future  tenses  :  fly,  con- 
trive,  know,  devise,  choose,  come,  see,  go,  eat, 
grow,  bring,  forsake. 

Write  the  following  verbs  in  the  pr«sent  and  im* 
perfect  tenses  of  the  potential  and  subjunctive 
moode  :  know,  shake,  heat,  keep,  give,  blow,  bes^ 
tow,  be-eech.  ,^ 

Wnt^  the  following  verbs  in  the  indicative  mood^ 
imperfect  and  second  future  tenses,  of  the  passive 
voice  :  slaj,  drew,  crown,  throw,  defeat,  grind^ 
hear,  divert. 

Writii  the  following  verbs  in  the  second  and 
third  persons  singular  of  all  the  tenses  in  the  indic- 
ative and  subjunctive  moods  :  approve,  condemn, 
mourn,  freeze,  know,  arise,  drive,  blow,investigate. 
Form  the  following  verbs  in  the  infinitive  and  im- 
perative moods,  with  their  participles,  all  in  the 
passive  voice  :  embrace,  draw,  defeat,  smite. 

8J5CT.    IX. 

Promisemuf  Ex ctr cists  in  Etymological  Parsing. 
In  your  whole  behavior,  be  humble  and  obliging. 
Virtue  is  the  universal  charm. 
True  politeness  has  its  seat  in  the  heart. 
We  should  endeavor   to  please,  rather 'than  to 
»hme  and  dazzle. 

Opportunities  occur  daily  for  strengthening  in 
ou  rselves  the  habits  of  virtue. 

Compassion  prompts  us  to  relieve  the  wants  of 
others. 

A  good  mind  is  unwilling  to  give  pain  to  cither 
tnnn  or  beast. 

Peevishness  and  passion  often  produce,  from  tri- 
Hes,  the  most  serious  mischiefs. 

Discontent  often  nourishes  passions,  equally  ma- 
tignant  m  t)v^  cottage  and  in  the  palace.  ^ 

A  great  proportion  of  human  evils  is  created  by 
ourselves.  •' 

A  passion  for  revenge,  has  always  been  conaiJw ! 
d  a>  the  mark  of  a  little  and  mean  mind. 

F 


If  greatness  flatters  our  vanity,  it  multiplies  ^ti' 
daii^ers.  ,    , ,:   j 

To  our  own  failings  we  are  commonly  blmd. 

The  friendships  of  young  persons,are  often  found 
ed  on  capricious  likings. 

In  your  youthful  amusement  let  no  unfairness  b' 
found.  ^ 

Engrave  on  your  minds  thi«  sacred  rule  ;  U 
unto  others,  as  yuu  wish  that  they  should  do  unt 

Truth  and  cStndor  possess  a  powerful  charmn 
they  bespeak  ui:^iversal  f^vor. 

After  the  first  departure  from  sincerity,  it  is  sef 
<^(>m  in  our  power  to  stop  :  one  , artifice  general]' 
leads  On  to  another.  . 

Temper  the  vivacity  of  youth,  with  a  propri 
mixture  of  serious  thought.  r 

•     The  spirit  of  true   religion   is  social,   kind,  an 
cheerful.  ,       ... 

Let  no  compliance  ly'iih  the  intemperate  mirtlfi . 
otliers,  ever  betray  you  into  prof^^c  sallies,       > 

In  i)reparing  for  another  world,  we  must  not  ne| 
lect  the  duties  of  this  life. 

The  manner  in  which  we   employ  our  ptcse 

time   may  decide  our  future  happiness  or  misery. 

flappiness  does  not  grow  up  of  its  own  accor< 

it  is  the  fruit  of  long  cultivation,  an4  the  acqui; 

tion  of  labor  and  care.  .;,**!, 

A  plain  understanding  is  olten  joined  with  gre 

worth.  ,  %  .  r  1         •  +  Urv 

IMie  brightest  prts  arc  sometimes  found  witlio 
Virtue  or  honour.  ^  -. 

How  feeble  are  the  attractions  of  the  fain 
form,  M'hen  noihing  wltliin  corresponds  to  them. 

Piety  and  virtue  are  x>ai'ticularly  graceful  and  t 
coming  in  youth.  .        .,  ^^  „, 

Can  w(f,  untouched  by  gratit.ide,  view  that  pi 
fusion  of  good,  which  the  Uivine  hand  poi 
around  us  ?  , ,  •  1 1„  «J 

^ihere.  is  nothin-  in  hnmnn  hte  more  amua)le  a- 
reFper  table,  than  the  character  of  a  truly  huml^ 
and  benevolent  roan* 


KXERCiaES   IX   PARHING.  &$ 

What  (i;ellni(3  are  more  unejisy  and  paiufal,  tbau 
the  workings  of  sour  and  angry  passions  ? 

No  man  can  be  activo  ia  disquieting- others,  Tvho 
Ldues  not,  at  the  same  titne,  disquiet  '.imself. 

A  liie  of  pleasure  and  dissipation,  is  an  enemy 
to  health,  fortune,  and  character. 

To  correct  the  spirit  of  discontent,  let  us  consid- 
er how  little  we  deserve,  and  how  nivich  Tse  enjoy. 

As  far  as  happiness  is  to  be  found  on  earth,  we 
mmi  look  for  it,  not  in  the  world,  or  the  things  of 
Ihc  world  ;  but  within  ourselves,  in  our  temper, 
and  in  our  heart. 

Thou^'h  bad  men  attempt  to  turn  virtue  into  rid- 
icule, they  honour  it  at  the  bottom  of  their  hearts. 

Of  what  small  moment  to  onr  r»:al  happiness,  are 
many  of  those  injuries  wL«»ii  oraw  forth  our  r«^ 
sentuiont ! 

Jn  tlie  raomenls  of  ea2:er  contention,  every  thing 
is  magnified  and  distorted  in  its  appearance. 

Multitudes  in  the  most  obj-cure  station?,  are  not 
le  «9  ftager  in  their  petty  broils,  nor  le^s  tormented 
by  their  pa-sipns,  th^n  if  princely  honors  ^verft  th« 
prize  fi)r  which  they  contended. 

'i'he  smooth  stn  am,  the  serene  atmosphere,  the. 
mild  zr-phyr,  are  the  proper  emblems  of  a  gehtic 
temper,  antl  a  peaceful  life,  Among  tiie  sons  of 
fetrite,  all  Is  loud  suid  tempeetuous. 

CHAP.  IT, 

Exercts^i  in  Parking,  ens  it  retptctu  both  Ef^molog^ 
and  Syntax ^ 

SECT.    I. 

Syntactical  Parting  Tahiti 
ArHck,  "SVhy  i?  it  the  definite  article  l 

Why  the  indefinite  .^ 

\Vhy  omitted  ?  Why  repeated  ? 
Siihsianlive,  Why  is  it  in  thr  po.«se8i<ive  case  ? 

Why  in  the  objective  case  ? 

Why  in  apptAsiiion  :" 

Why  if  thg  apustrophic  *  oBiitted  .* 
'fSdJccli.Ke,     What  is  its  tubitantive  f 


64  3ENGLISH   OUAMMAR. 

Why  in  the  sinaj-ular,  why  in  the 

plural  number : 
Why  in  the  co  iiparative  degree,  &c.  J 
Why  placed  arter  its  suhstanlive  f 
T\'hy  omitted  ?  Why  repeated? 
Pronoxm.       What  is  ils  antecedent? 

Why  is  it  in  the  sirgular,  w«hy  in  the 

plural  number? 
W^hy  of  the  nuasculine^why  of  the  fern- 

enine,  why  of  the  neuter  gender  ? 
Why  of  the  first,  of  the  eecond,  <xr  of 

the  third  person  ? 
Why  is  it  the  noimnative  case  ? 
Why  the  possessive  ?  Why  the  ob-j 

jective  ? 
Why  omitted  ?  Why  repeated  ? 
f^trb.  What  is  Its  nominative  case  ? 

What  case  does  it  gorern  ? 
Why  is  it  in  the  singular,  why'iu  the 

plural  number  ? 
Why  in  the  first  person,  &;c.  ? 
W^hy  is  it  in  Ihe  ir.f'nitive  mood  ? 
Why  in  the  subjunctive,  &;c.  ? 
Why  in  this  particular  tLnse  ? 
What  relation  has  it  to  another  verb 

in  point  of  time  ? 
Why  do  participles  sometimes  govern 

the  objective  ? 
Why  is  the  verb  omitte<i  ?  Why  r«» 
peated  ? 
n^dvcrh.         What  i»  its  proper  situation  ? 

W^hy  U  the  double  negative  used  ? 
Why  rejected  ? 

Preposition,  What  ca?e  does  it  govern  ? 

W^hich  is  the  word  governed  ? 
W'hythis  preposition?      , 
WTiy  omhted  ?   Why  repeated? 

Cot^'t«nc/ion. What  moods,  tense?,  or  cas^s,  does  it 
connect  ?  And  why  ?  Vl-  hat  Liood 
does  it  require  ?  Why  omitted ! 
Why  repeaied? 


nxEACXgES  I2r  PARSIJfC,  C^ 

I/Jerjcction,  Why  does  the  nomiuative  case  fellow 
it?  Why  Iht;  objective?  Why 
omitted  r    Why  repeated  ^ 

8ECT.    H. 

Sptcim*n  0/  Sjjnfaclical  Pcrsing^ 
Vice  degrades  u8. 
yioe  is  a  common  substantive,  of  the  Uiird  per- 
son, in  the'sing'ular  number,  and  the  nominative 
ca«e.  Z>^s;rades  is  X  regular  verb  active,  indicatiYo 
mood,  present  tt^nse,  third  person  singular,  a^ree- 
ing^^'ith  its  nominative  **  vice,"  according  to  nrrLK 
I,  which  «ays ;  j  here  repoat  the  rale.]  Cs  h  a  per- 
sonal pronoun,  first  person  plural,  in  the  objective 
ca<^e,  and  governed  by  the  active  vwrb  ""degrades^' 
aijreeAble  to  huljk  xj,  which  says,  «tc, 

Ic  who  lives  virtuously,  prepares  for  all 

events. 
He  !s  «t  personal  pronoun,  of  the  third  person, 
sili^ular  number,  and  niascuh'pc  ^render.  Who  is 
a  relative  pronoun,  v^'hich  has  for  its  antecedent 
*^  he,"  with  which  it  agrees  in  g^ender  and  nilniber, 
acc()rdin^  to  k.vi.e  v.  which  says,  kc.  Lira:  is  2i 
-  rep^ular  verb  neuter,  indicative  mood,  present  tense, 
vtWird  person  sin^fular,  agreeing  with  its  nominative 
*•  who,""  accordinof  to  rvlr  vi,  which  says,  k,Q. — 
Virtuously  is  an  adverb  of  quality,  l-'reparex  is  a 
reofular  verb  neuter,  indicative  mood,  present  tense, 
thir*^  person  singular,  a^reein*^  wilh  its  nominative 
''Mnj."  i^/ris  a  y.reposition.  JilL  is  an  adjectiv. 
pronoun,  of  the  indefinite  kind,  the  plural  number, 
and-belong-s  to  its  substantive  ^*'- events,"  with 
which  it  a^ref's,  accoidin^-  ta  rulk  vm.,  which 
savs,  &c.  Krenis  is  a  common  substantive,  of  the 
ttiird  p<'rson,  in  the  plural  number,  and  the  blijec-* 
five  case, ^OTerned  by  the  prepos;iti«)n  "for,"  ac- 
cnrdin^  to  RULE  XVII,  which  says,  ^c. 
If  folly  entice  thee,  reject  its  allurements. 
Tf  is  a  copulative  conjunction.  FoVy  is  a  com- 
mon substantive,  of  the   third  per^onj  in  the  sip^u- 


6$  UleCJ-USfi  GAAMMAA* 

lar  number,  and  the  nominative  case.  Entice  is  a 
regular  verb  active,  subjunctive  mood,  present 
tense,  third  person  singular,  and  is  g;oYeTned  by 
the  conjunction  "  if,''  according  to  jR-ule  xix, 
vrhich  says,' &c.  Thee  is  a  personal  pronoun,  of 
the  second  person  singular,  in  the  objective  case, 
l^ovicrned  by  the  active  verb  "entice,"  agreeably 
to  RULE  XI,  which  says,  ^c.  Reject  is  a  regular 
3ictive  verb^  imperative  mood,  second  person  singu- 
lar, and  agrees  with  its  nominative  case  ''  thou" 
implied.  lU  ii  a  personal  pronoun,  third  person, 
singular  number,  and  of  the  neuter  gender,  to  a- 
g;ree  with  its  substantive  "  folly,"  according  to 
KULE  V,  which  says,  &c.  It  is  in  the  possessive 
case,  governed  by  the  noun  "  allurements,"  agree"*- 
ably  to  RULE  x,  which  says,  &c.  ^llurementii  is  x 
common  substantive,  of  the  third  person,  in  the 
plural  number,  and  the  objt  ctive  case,  governed 
by  the  verb  "  reject,"  according  to  kule  xi,  whicli 
»ays,<5k:c. 

SEOT.  Ill, 

Ex^rcisei  on  ihejirst^  second^  third  and  fourth 
Rules  of  Stfntax* 

1.  The  contented  mind  spreads  ease  and  cheer- 
fulness around  it. 

The  school  of  experience  teaches  many  usefwl 
lessons. 

In  the  path  of  life  are  many  thorns,  as  well  as 
iioweTs. 

Thou  shouldst  do  justice  to  all  men,  even  to 
«nemie^s. 

2.  Vanity  and  presumption  ruin  many  a  prom- 
ising youth. 

Fooci,  clothing,  and  credit,  are  the  rewards  of 
industry. 

He  and  William  live  together  in  great  harmony. 

*  In  parsing  these  ExtrcUes^  the  jmpil  should  rc- 
peat  the  respective  rule  of  Syntax^  and  show  that  it 
applies  to  tht-  smtmcc  which  he  is  parsing* 


SXERCISE6  IN  PARSING.  €7 

3.  No  ag;e,  nor  couditiou,  is  exempt  from 
trouble. 

Wealth,  or  virhie^or  any  valuable  acquisition, 
h  not  attainable  by  idle  wishes. 

4.  The  American  nation  is  great  and  g-tjnerous. 
The  compuiiy  is  assembled.     It  is  composed  of 

persons  possessing  very  different  sentiments. 

A  htrd  of  cattle,  peacefully  grazing^,  aiTords  t, 
j)leasin§^  sight. 

SECT.  IV. 

JExertises  on  the  Jiflh^  sixlh^  seventh  and  tigkth 

RXlUs  of  Si/nlax^ 

5.  The  man  who  is  faithfully  attached  to  relig- 
ion, may  be  rtlied  on  with  confidence. 

The  vises  which  we  should  eapecially  avoid, 
are  those  which  most  easily  beset  us. 

6.  They  who  are  born  in  hi^h  stations,  are  not 
always  happy. 

Our  parents  and  teachers  are  the  persons  whom 
"We  ought,  in  a  particular  mr^nner,  to  respect. 

If  our  friend  is  in  trouble,  we  whom  he  knows 
and  loveg,  may  console  him. 

7.  Thou  art  the  man  who  has  improved  his 
privileges  ,  and  who  will  reap  the  reward. 

I  am  the  person,  who  owns  a  fa«ilt  committed, 
and  who  disdains  to  conceal  it  by  falsehood. 

8.  That  sort  of  pleasure  weakens  and  debases 
the  mind,. 

Even  in  these  times,  there  are  many  persons, 
who,  from  disinterested  motives,  are  «olici£ous  to 
promote  the  happiness  of  others. 

SECT.   V. 
ExtrtUes  on  the  nmfh,  tcnth^  eleventh  and  twelfth 
Rules  of  Si/ntax, 

9.  The  restless,  discontented  person,  is  not  a 
^od  friend,  a  good  neighbor,  or  a  good  subject. 

The  young,  the  healthy,  and  the  prosperous, 
slKsm'd  not  presume  on  their  adYantagcs. 


10.  Tlie  j<chahir'»  diii-^ence  will  secure  the  t(/> 
^ior**?  appro]>M*ion, 

Tlu-  g-ood  \rd.rt'nV»gt^iiieiit  joy,   is,  to   see   hii^ 
oiiilJren  wise  and  virtuous. 

IL  Wisdom  a ud  Aurtue  emiob^^Ui.     Vice  and 
t'oUv  debase,  us.  T 

Av  horn  can  ive  to  jiietly  love,  as  them  who  have 
<rudcLivorrd  to  mnke  us  wise  and  happy  r" 

li\   Whf^ii  ki  pei-soti  hafi  nothing  to  do,  he  is  al- 
luost  aUvriys  tffnpX^;d  to  dw  wrong. 

Wf  need  liOt  ur^e  Charles  to  do  2;ood  ;  he  lov 
to  do  it. 

We  dare   uQi  ieave    our  et'idies  witliout   re 
iui>;;<ion, 


-7.(.T.    II. 

su Ittnih  and  juTn/Llccnh'i  Mules  of  tSi/tilc  r, 

13.  I'he  business  is,  at  la-^t,  conipJetcMl  ;  but 
ion^'  a^o.  I  irUtiided  to  flo  it.. 

I  t;Xj>ectt:d  tu  icv.  the  lvin2",  before  he  left- 
Windsor. 

The  misfort'juf  did  happen  J  but  we  early  hop- 
ed and  eiidfav(tr'.d  to  prcAent  it,  ^ 

T<K  haTfc'  been  cenjfiirod  by  so  JTidicious  a  friend» 
v.onki  havo  greatly  (liscouvag^d  me. 

1  i.  Havii  g-  {;<riy  disgraced  hinisi^f,  he  became 
mean  and  dispirit «. 'I. 

k  no  win;,' him  to  be  my  i^iiperior,  I  cheerfrdly 
subnuttod. 

IT).  AV>;  sboidd  always  prepare  for  the  ^vorst, 
and  hoj>e  ior  tlie  best.     ... 

A  y»>ung  man,  so  karned  and  virtuou?,  prmnlses 
to  be  a  very  useful  uaomb«r  of  society. 

A\  hen  our  virtuous  frirndg  dit;,  they  are  not  los< 
i'ortviT  ;  they  are  on4y  gone  before  'J-i^  to  a  happier 
World. 

K).  N^:iiher  thnat-Miir:--;^,  nor  any  promise?, 
could  make  him  violate  the  truth.. 

Charles  is  not  iDsiucejrc  ;  aud  ti\ere  ore  we  mi' y 
irUjt  a*  .:. 


KXKRCISES  IN  FAR8IN6.  69 

17.  From  whom  was  that  informatiou  received  ? 
To  whom  do  that  house,  and  those  fine  gardens 
i^elonar  ? 


SECT.    VII. 

Bxtrcises  ©n  thz  tighUtnih^   nineteenth^  fwentidlL 

ticwity-Jirst  and  iwtnfy-sttond  Rules  of  Syntax, 

18.  He  and  I  commenced  our  studies  at  the 
•ame  time. 

If  we  contend  about  trifles,  *»nd  violently  main- 
tain our  opinion,  we  shall  gain  but  few  friends. 

ItJ.  Though  James  and  myself  are  rivals,  we  do 
not  cease  to  be  friends. 

If  Charles  acquires  knowledo^e^  good  maniiei*g, 
And  virtue,  he  Aviil  secure  esteem 

William  is  respected,  because  he  is  upright  and 
obliging;. 

20,  Thc?8  persons  are   abundantly  more   op-  ' 
pressiid  than  we  aro. 

Th  ugh  J  am  not  sogooil  a  scholar  as  he  is,  I 
Am,  perhaps,  not  iejs attentive  thanhr,  to  study. 

21.  Charifs  was  a  .nan  of  knowledge,  learning, 
politeness,  and  religion. 

In  our  travels  we  mw  m^ch  to  approve,  and 
fiiuch  to  condemn. 

>I2.  The  Icijk  is  improved  by  many  useful 
correction*,  alterations  and  additions. 

She  is  more  talkative  and  lively  than  her 
brother,  but  not  so  well  informed  nor  so  uaiTorm- 
ly  cheerful. 


SECT.    viir. 
Promucuoiu  Extrciats  in  Synfgsiical  Parsing. 

PROSE. 

Dissimulation  in  youth,  is  the  forerunner  ©f  per- 
fidy in  old  age.  Its  first  appeyrtnce  is  thb  fatal 
omen  of  growing  depravity,  and  future  shame. 

Ii  we  possbos  not  the  power  of  self-government, 
we  shall  be  the  prey  of  every  loose  inclination 
ttiat  chaacei  to  arise.    Pampered  by  contiuual  ia- 


70  KA'GLISJl   GRAMMAR. 

dulg-ence,  all  our  passions  will  become  mutmotis 
and  headRlrong".  Desire,  not  reason,  will  be  the 
ruUn*  principle  orour  conduct. 

Absurdly  wo' spend  our  time  in  cont^nding^  about, 
the  trilles  of  a  day,  while  we  ought  to  bu  prepai- 
hiij  fur  a  higher  existence. 

How  little  do  th<Vy  know  of  the  true  happiness 
<jf  life,  who  are  strangers  to  that  intercourse  oi" 
j4;ood  oilices  and  kind  aUoctions,  which,  by  a  pleas- 
ing charm,  atJ^iches  men  to  one  another,  and  cu- 
culicttes  rational  ^njoymjent  from  heart  to  heart. 

Jf  w-(i  view  oujHelves,  with  all  our  imperfections 
and  failings,  in  a  just  light,  we  shall  rather  hv 
surprised  at  our  enjoying  so  many  good  things  than 
liiscontentcd,  because  there  are  any  whkh  wt 
VvTint. 

'J 'rue  cheerfulness  makes  a  man  happy  in  him- 
self, a;id  promotes  the  happiness  of  all  around 
him.  It  is  the  clear  and  calm  suiishine  ©fa  mind 
illuminated  by  piety  and  virtue. 

Wliatevei  views  of  interest,  and  prospe^ct^  of 
return,  mingle  with  the  feelings  of  aj^ectioii,  s(  n.«i- 
biiity  acts  an  imperfect  part,  aiid  eiitifcies  ua  to 
£mall  share  of  commendation. 

Lit  not  your  expc-tations  from  the  years  that 
are  to  come,  rise  too  high  ;  and  your  disappoint - 
Bients  will  be  fewer,  and  more  easily  supported. 

''j'olive  long,  ought  not  to  be  our  favorite  wish, 
so  much  as  to  live  well.  By  continuing  too  hmg 
nu  earth,  we  might  only  live  to  witness  a  greater 
naniber  of  melancholy  scenes,  and  to  fX^wse  our- 
selve.s  tc  a  wi/ler  compass  of  human  wo. 

ITow  many  pas*?  away  §omoofthj  most  valuablt? 
year."  of  their  iiv**^  tost  in  a  ^vhirfpool  of  what  can- 
not be  called  pleasure  so  much  as  mer^  giddiness 
and  folly. 

Look  round  you  with  attentive  eye,  ^^^^^  M^iigh 
characters  well,  before  you  connect  yourselvt-b  too 
closely  with  any  who  court  your  society. 

''I'he  true  hou«r  of  man  consists  not  in  the  multi- 
lEude  ui>ichc|  or  the  tlcvauon  of  rank*,  for  experi^ 


r^nce  shows   that  lliese  may  be  possessed  by  the 
Woi  till  ess  as  wi'U  as  by  tbe  desemng. 

Bt^;iiity  ot't'urm  has  often  betrayed  its  pos5e*.sor. 
The  ilowtr  5s  eusily  blasted.  It  is  short  Jived  at  the 
be^t ;  and  trifling:  at  any  rate,  in  coaiparison  with 
the  hig:her,  and  more  lasting;  beauties  of  the  mind. 

A  contented  temper  opens  a  clear  sky.  and 
brisrhtens  every  obiect  around  us.  It  is  in  the 
sullen  and  dark  shade  ol  discontent,  that  noxious 
pas-Ions,  like  ven-omous  animals,  breed  and  prey 
npoa  the  heart. 

''I  housands  -whoni  indolence  has  sunk  into  con- 
temptible obscurity,  might  have  come  forward  to 
usefuliK;?s  and  honour,  if  idleness  had  not  frus- 
tiated  the  eff€'^ct/>f  all  their  powers. 

Sloth  is  like  the  jflowly-flowiDg,  putrid  stream, 
"whicii  stagnates  ia  the  marsh,  breeds  venomoiii 
animals,  and  poiwnous  plants  ;  and  infects  with 
pestilential  vapours  the  whole  country  round  it. 

DLvappoiritments  derange,  and  overconic  vulga? 
minds.  The  patient  and  the  wise,  by  a  proper  im- 
provement, frequently  make  them  contribute  t» 
their  high  advantagev 

Whatever  fortune  niAy  rob  us  of,  it  cannot  takn 
tiway  -what  is  most  Taluable,  the  peace  of  a  good 
conscience,  and  the  cheering  prospect  of  a  happy 
<  onclusion  to  ^11  tlie  trials  of  life,  in  a  better 
woild. 

Be  not  overcome  by  the  injuries  you  meet  with, 
so  as  to  ptirsue  revenge  ;  by  the  disasters  of  life, 
so  a3  to  fink  into  despair  ;■  by  the  evil  example  a 
of  the  world,  so  as  to  follow  them  into  sin.  Over- 
come injuries,  by  forgiveness  ;  disasters  hy  lorti- 
tude  ;  evil  exampks,  by  firmness  of  principle. 

.Sobriety  of  mind  is  one  of  th»«e  virtues,  which 
thu  present  ct>nd-ilion  of  human  life  strongly  incul- 
cates. Thv^  wncertahity  of  its  eTijoymehts,  checks 
presumption  ; -the  multiplicity  of  its  danger*,  de- 
mauds  perpetual  Caittion.  Moderation,  vigihtnci^ 
and  self^overnment  are  duties  incumbent  on  aH  ; 
i)ut  e;:prcially  on  such  as  are  b<  giniiinif  the  iourn; 


72  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

The  charms  and  comforts  of  virtue  •  are  intir^ 
prcfcsible ;  and  can  only  be  justly  conceived  by 
those  who  possess  her.  The  consciousneis  ofDi- 
yine  approbation  and  support,  and  the  steady  hope 
of  futwre  happiness,  communicate  a  peace  and  joy, 
to  which  all  the  delig^hts  of  the  world  bear  no  re- 
semblance. 

If  we  knew  how  much  the  pleasure  of  this  life 
deceive  and  betray  their  unhappy  votaries  ;  and 
reflected  on  the  disappointments  in  pursuit,  the 
dissatisfacti'^ni  in  enjoyment,  or  the  uncertainty  of 
possession,  which  every  where  attend  them ;  we 
should  cease  to  be  enamoured  with  these  brittle 
anM  transient  joys :  and  should  wisely  jfix  our  hearts 
on  tliose  virtuous  attain  meats,  which  the  world  can 
neither  give  nor  take  away. 


0/der  is  Heaveji's  first  law  ;   a^d  this  confessed 

Some  are,  and  ^  lUst  be,,  greater  than  the  rest, 
More  rich,  more  wise  ;  but  who  infers  from  henc<?^ 
That  such  are  happier,  shocks  all  common  senses 

JVTeedful  austerities  our  wills  restrain  ; 

As  thorrv^?  fcmce  in  the  tender  plant  from  harm. 

Reason^s  whole  pleasure,  all  the  joys  of  sense, 
Lie  in  three  words,  health,  peace  and  comi>etencC|. 
But  health  cortsists  v;.ith  temperance  alone  ; 
Ami  peace,  Oh,  virtue!  peace  is  all  thy  own. 

On  earth,  nought  precious  is  obtained 

But  what  is  painful  too  ; 
By  travel  and  to  travel  born, 

Our  Sabbaths  are  but   few. 

IVho  noble  ends  by  noble  means  obtains. 
Or  faiiing-,  smileg  in  exile  or  in  chains, 
Liiie  good  Aureliusler  him  reif^n,  or  bleed 
Like  Socrates,  that  man  is  g;reat  indeed. 

Our  hearts  are  fa=tenV.lto  this  world, 
By  strong;  and  endless  ties  ; 


But  every  sorrow  cuts  a  itrin», 
And  ur^es  us  to  rise. 

Oft  pinfn*  griefs  in  rich  brocades  are  drest^ 
And  eliamonds  g^litter  on*kn  anxious  breast. 

Teach  me  to  feel  another's  wo, 

To  hide  the  fault  I  see  ; 
That  mercy  I  to  others  show. 

That  m«rcy  show  to  me. 

This  day  be  bread,  and  peace  my  lot : 

All-else  beneath  the  sun 
Thou  know'st  if  best  bestowM  or  not, 

And  let  thy  will  be  done« 

Vice  is  a  monster  of  so  frig^htful  mien. 
As,  to  be  hated,  needs  but  to  be  «een  : 
Yet  seen  too  oft,  familiar  with  her  face, 
We  first  tndure,  then  pity,  then  embrace. 

If  nothing;  more  than  purpose  in  thy  power, 
Thy  purpose  firm,  is  equal  to  the  deed  : 
Who  does  the  best  his  circumstance  allows, 
Does  w«ll,  acts  nobly ;  angels  could  no  mores 

In  faith  and  hope  the  world  wilt  disagree, 
IJut  all  mankind's  concern  is  charity. 

To  be  resigTi'd  when  ills  b«tide. 
Patient  when  farori  are  denied, 

And  pleased  with  favors  giv'n  z 
Most  sar«ly  this  is  Wisdom's  part, 
'  This  is  that  incense  of  the  heart, 

Whose  fraigiance  smells  \o  Heav'a, 

All  fame  is  foreign,  but  of  true  desert ; 
Plays  round  the  head,  but  comes  not  to  the  lieaj;t : 
One  self-approving  hour  who4e  years  outweighs 
Of  stupid  starers,  and  of  k)ud  huzr^as  : 
And  more  trjue  joy  Marcellus  exil'd  feds, 
Than  CcQsar  with^i  senate  at  his  h^«h* 
G 


74  ENGLiga  GRAMM Ait* 

Far  from  the  madding  erowd'i  ignoble  strife^ 
Their  sober  wishes  never  learaM  to  stray  ; 

Along  the  cool  sequestered  vale  of  life, 

They  kept  the  noiseJess  tsnor  of  their  way. 

What  nothing  earthly  gives,  or  can  destroy, 

The  souPs  calm  stinshiae,  aud  the  heart  felt  joy, 

la  virtue^s  prize,  '* 

Pity  the  sorrows  of  a  poor  old  man, 
"Whose  trenfbling  limbs  h'Sive  borne  him  to  thy  dootj 
Whose  days  are  dwindled  to  the  shortest  span  ; 
Oh  I  give  relief,  and  Heiw'n  will  bless  thy  store. 

Wh»  lives  to  nature,  rarely  can  be  poor  ; 
Wh©  Uvea  to  fancy,  never  can  be  rich. 

When  young,  life"'s  journey  I  began. 

The  glittering  prospect  charmM  my  eyes  5 

I  saw,  along  th'  extended  plain, 
Joy  after  joy  successive  rise. 

But  soon  I  found  "'twas  all  a  dreani, 
And  learn'd  the  fond  pursuit  to  shun, 

Where  few  can  reach  their  pjirpos-d  aim^ 
And  thousands  daily  are  undone. 

^Tis  greatly  wise  to  talk  with  our  past  hours  ; 
And  ask  them  what  report  they  bot"e  to  Hear'n, 

All  nature  is  but  art,  unknown  to  thee ; 

All  chance,  direction  which  thou  canst  not  see  ^ 

All  discord,  harmony  not  understood  ; 

AJl  partial  evil,  universal  good. 

Heaven's  choice  is  safer  than  owr  own  t 

Of  ages  past  inquire  : 
What  the  most  formidable  fate  ? 
*  ^'  To  hav*e  our  own  desire.'* 

If  ceaseless,  thus,  the  fowls  df  hcav'n  he  feeds 
If  o'er  the  fieidt  such  luoid  xo^%%  he  si^aads  ? 


EXEACiSES  i:S  PARSING.  75 

Will  he  not  care  for  yftu,  ye  failhless,  say  ? 
h  he  unwise  ?  or  arti  y«  loss  than  they  ? 

The  spacious  firmament  on  high, 
With  all  the  blue  etherial  sky,  ^, 

And  spangled  heav'ns  ;  a  shining;  frame;, 
Their  ^reat  original  proclaim  : 
Th'  unwesurifjd  sun,  from  day  to  day. 
Docs  his  Creator^s  power  display, 
And  publishes  to  ev'ry  land, 
The  work  of  an  Almigh'y  hand. 

Soon  as  the  evening  shades  prtrail, 
The  moon  takes  up  the  wond'rous  tale, 
And,  nightly,  to  the  list'niag  earth, 
Repeats  the  gtory  of  her  birth  : 
Whilst  all  the  stars  that  round  her  burn, 
And  all  the  planets  io  their  turn, 
Confirm  the  tidings  as  tliey  roll, 
And  spread  the  truth  from  pole  to  jxole. 

What  though,  in  solemn  silenor, 
Move  1  ound  the  dark  terrestrial  bal 
What  though  nor  real  voice  nor  sou^^d, 
Amid  their  radiant  orbs  be  found  l 
In  Reason*'?  ear  they  all  rejoice, 
And  utter  forth  a  glorious  voice  5 
For  ever  singing  as  they  shine, 
*'  The  hajad  that  made  us^is  DiyiBe»'' 


PART  III. 
EXERCISES  m  SYJ^TjiX. 


RULE  r, 

FiiTY  pounds  of  wheat  contains  forty  pounds 
of  flour. 

What  av?,ll9  the  best  septimcnta,  if  persona  do 
not  lire  suitably  to  them. 

Thou  should  love  thy  neighhour,  as  Bincerely  ^» 
thou  loves  thyself. 

RULB  n. 

Idleness  and  ignorance  is  the  parent  of  maiiy 
Tices. 

Patience  and  dilig:ence,  like  faith,  removes 
mountains. 

What  signiiies  the  counsel  and  care  of  precep- 
tors, when  youth  think  they  have  no  need  of  as- 
sistance ? 

RULE   tf^» 

Man's  happiness  or  misery,  are  in  a  great  mea- 
sure,  put  into  his  own  hands. 

Man  is  not  such  a  machine  as  a  clock  or  a 
•watch,  which  move  merely  as  they  are  moved. 

Speaking  impatiently  to  servants,  or  any  thing; 
that  betrays  inattention  or  ill-humor,  are  certainly 
criminal. 

RULE   IV. 

The  British  Parliament  ai  e  composed  of  Kln^g^ 

Lords,  and  Commons. 

A  ^reat  number  do  not  always  ar^ue  strength. 
The  council  was  net  unanimous,  and  separated 

without  coming  to  any  determination. 

RITLE    V. 

They  which  seek  wisdom  will  certainly  find  her. 

I  do  not  think  that  any  person  should  incur  cen- 
sure, for  beinof  tender  of  their  reputation. 

Thou  who  has  been  a  witness  of  the  fact,  can 
give  an  account  of  it. 


RULE   VI. 

If  he  T^IU  not  hear  hia  best  friend,  Tvhom  shall 
he  sent  to  admonish  him  ? 

The  persons  who  conscience  and  virtue  support 
xnay  smiie  at  the  caprices  of  fortune. 

From  the  cbaracfcr  of  those  who  you  associate 
with,  your  own  will  be  estimated, 

RULE   VII. 

Thou  art  the  friend  that  hast  often  relieved 
me,  and  that  has  not  (leserted  me  now  in  the  time 
of  peculiarneed. 

I  perbeive  that  thou  art  a  pupil  who  possesse* 
brig^ht  parts,  but  who  has  cultivated  them  but 
little. 

RULE  viir.  * 

These  kiiid  of  indul^cncies  soften  and  injure  the 
jninc!. 

Instead  of  improving  yourselves,  you  have  been 
playing  this  two  hours. 

Thase  sort  of  favors  did  real  injury,  under  the 
appearance  of  kindness. 

RULE   IX, 

The  fire^  the  air,  the  earth,  and  the  water,  arfe 
four  rfements  of  the  philosop>>^rs. 

We  are  placed  here  uod*^  ^  trial  of  our  virtue- 
The  profligate  man  i^--eldom  er  never  found  to 
be  the  good  husbaucj^'^e  good  father,,  or  the  be- 
neficent neighbor^ 

R«LE   X.    ^ 

Thy  ar»^-*^cPr'5  virtue  is  not  thine. 
Thr  fatiierf;  offence  will  not  condemn  thee. 
ji  mothers  tenderness  and  a  fathers  care,  are  na- 
i^ifrc's  gM  ts  for  mans  advantage. 
A  mans  manners  frequently  influence  his  fortune. 

RULE  XI. 

Who  have  I  reason  td  love  so  much  aa  this 
friend  of  my  youth  ? 

The  man  who  he  raised  from  obscurity,  is  dead. 
Be  and  they  we  know,  but  who  art  thou  •? 
G2 


78  ZKOUSU'  ORAAffttAB. 

RULE  XII. 

It  is  better  lire  on  a  little,  than  outlive  a  great 
deal. 

You  ougfht  act  walk  too  hastily. 

I  have  seen  some  young  persons  to  conduct 
themselve*  very  discreetly. 

RULE   XIIIo 

The  next  new  year's  day,  1  shall  be  at  school 
three  years. 

From  the  little  conrersatio*  I  had  with  bim,  he 
appeared  to  hav«  been  a  man  of  letters. 

It  would  have  given  me  g:reat  satis  faction  j  to 
relieve  him  from  that  distressed  situation. 

RULE   XIV. 

Esteeming  themselves*  wise,  they  became  foolf . 

Suspecting  not  only  ye,  Aiutthey  also,  I  was  stu- 
dious to  avoid  all  intercourse. 

From  having:  exposed  himself  too  freely  in  differ* 
ent  climates,  he  entirely  lost  his  health. 

RULE  XV. 

He  was  pleasing  not  often,  because  he  wai  vain* 
"William  nobly  acted,  though  he  was  unsuccess- 

fiil. 
We  may  happily  \lre,  though  our  posiessiona  be 

«mall. 

RULE  XVI. 

Be  honest,  nor  take  no  9h..pe  nor  resemblance 
of  disguise. 

There  cannot  be  nothing,  more  intr^rjiflcant  than 
vanity. 

The  measure  is  so  exceptionable,  that  Wt  can* 
not  by  no  means  permit  it. 

RULE   XVII. 

We  are  all  accountable  creatures,  each  for  his 
self. 

Does  that  boy  know  who.  he  speaks  to  ?  Who 
does  he  offer  such  language  to  ? 

it  was  not  he  that  they  were  so  angry  with. 

RULE    XVIII. 

My  brother  aA4  hi«i  ^xq  toieiitblg  grammwiftns* 


EXERCISES  I.^  PARSIiyG.  '7^ 

Did  he  not  ♦ell  the.-  his  fault,  and  entreated 
thee  to  torsive  him  ! 

Professing  regard,  ao!»I  to  act  differeutiy,  marks 
a  base  mind. 

RULE    XIX. 

Thoug^h  he  urges  me  yet  more  earnestly  I  shalj 
not  comply,  unless  he  advances  more  forcible  rea» 
pons. 

She  disapproved  the  measure,  because  it  w»re 
very  improper.  , 

Though  the  fact  be  extraordinary,  it  certainly 
did  happen. 

RULE   XX. 

The  businesf  was  much  better  executed  by  his 
"brother  than  he. 

They  are  much  greater  gainers  than  me  by  this 
Unexpected  pveat. 

Thfcy  know  how  to  write  as  well  as  him  ;  but 
h»  is  a  much  better  grtwrnmarian  than  them. 

RULE   XXI. 

These  counsels  were  the  dictates  of  Tu\«ie,  and 
the  dictates  ot  true  honour. 

We  mijst  guard  against  either  too  great  severity 
©r  facility  of  mannors. 

Verily,  there  is  a  reward  for  the  righteous  ! 
There  is  a  God  that  judgeth  in  the  earth. 

By  these  happy  labors,  they  who  sow  and  reap 
will  rejoice  together. 

RULE  xxir. 

He  is  more  bold  and  active,  but  not  so  wise  and 
studious  as  his  companion. 

Sincerity  is  as  valuable,  and  even  more  valua- 
ble, than  knowledge. 

Neither  has  he,  nor  any  other  persons,  suspected 
S«  inuch  dissimulation. 

Several  alteratioMs  and  ftdditioa*  hare  been 
UMQ  t9  Wlq  work. 


80  ^ENGLISH  t5IlAMMAR, 

PART  IV^ 

EXERCISES  m  PU^'CTUATIOK 

COMMA, 

Thf.  tutor  by  mstruction  and  discipline  lays  tli* 
foundation  of  the  pupil's  future  honor. 

Self-conceit  presumption  and  obstinacy  blast  the 
prospect  of  many  a  youth. 

Deliberate  slo\rly  execute  promptly. 

To  live  soberly  rig-liteously  and  piously  dompre- 
hends  the  whole  of  our  duty. 

The  path  of  piety  and  virtue  pursued  with  a  firm 
and  eonstaiit  spirit  will  assuredly  lead  to  happi* 

Contlu'iemy  dear  child  to  make  rirtue  thy  prin- 
cipal stuuy. 

Peace  of  mind  being;  secured  wc  may  smile  at 
misfortunes. 

He  who  is  a  str»"^£:r  to  industry  may  possess 
but  he  cannr^'  enjoy. 

Bcw^*e  of  those  rash  and  dangerous  connexion! 
v-'2iich  may  afterwards  load  thee  with  dishonor. 

SEMICOLOK'. 

The  path  of  truth  i-  a  plain  and  safe  path  that  of 
falsehood  is  a  perplexing  maze. 

Modesty  is  one  of  the  chief  ornaments  of  youth 
and  has  ever  been  esteemed  a  presage  of  rising 
merit. 

Heaven  is  the  reg^ion  of  gentleness  and  friend- 
t^ip  hell  of  fierceness  and  animosity. 

COLON. 

Often  is  the  smile  of  gaiety  assumed  whilst  th« 
heart  aches  within  though  folly  may  laugh  guilt 
will  sting. 

There  is  no  mortal  truly  wise  and  restless  at  the 
«ame  time  wisdom  is  the  repose  of  minds. 

PFRIOD. 

We  ruin  the  happiness  of  life  'when  we  attempt 
to  raise  it  too  high  a  tolerable  and  comfortable 
Stale  is  all  tliat  wg  caii  propoi^  to  cufselvcs  «n 


E]C£IICIS£S  IN  PARSIN6.  Si 

earth  peace  and  contentment  not  bliss  nor  trans- 
port are  the  full  portion  of  man  perlect  joy  is  re- 
aerved  for  heaven. 

lYTERROGATlOW   AJTD   EXCLAMATI0I7. 

To  lie  down  on  the  pillow  after  a  day  spent  iu 
temperance  in  beneficence  and  iu  piety  how  sweet 
it  is. 

We  wait  till  to-morrow  to  be  happy  alas  why  not 
to  day  shall  we  be  younger  are  we  sure  we  shall 
be  healthier  will  our  passions  become  feebler  and 
ouf  loye  of  the  world  less. 


THE  EKB. 


W' 


■^.r'-'^'y-y    :  ■  -''r 


J 


/ 


YA  04408 


